413 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
413 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
# [Literature Review Title]
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**Authors**: [Author Names and Affiliations]
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**Date**: [Date]
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**Review Type**: [Narrative / Systematic / Scoping / Meta-Analysis / Umbrella Review]
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**Review Protocol**: [PROSPERO ID if registered, or state "Not registered"]
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**PRISMA Compliance**: [Yes/No/Partial - specify which guidelines]
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---
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## Abstract
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**Background**: [Context and rationale]
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**Objectives**: [Primary and secondary objectives]
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**Methods**: [Databases, dates, selection criteria, quality assessment]
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**Results**: [n studies included; key findings by theme]
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**Conclusions**: [Main conclusions and implications]
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**Registration**: [PROSPERO ID or "Not registered"]
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**Keywords**: [5-8 keywords]
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---
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## 1. Introduction
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### 1.1 Background and Context
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[Provide background information on the topic. Establish why this literature review is important and timely. Discuss the broader context and current state of knowledge.]
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### 1.2 Scope and Objectives
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[Clearly define the scope of the review and state the specific objectives. What questions will this review address?]
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**Primary Research Questions:**
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1. [Research question 1]
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2. [Research question 2]
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3. [Research question 3]
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### 1.3 Significance
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[Explain the significance of this review. Why is it important to synthesize this literature now? What gaps does it fill?]
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---
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## 2. Methodology
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### 2.1 Protocol and Registration
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**Protocol**: [PROSPERO ID / OSF link / Not registered]
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**Deviations**: [Document any protocol deviations]
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**PRISMA**: [Checklist in Appendix B]
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### 2.2 Search Strategy
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**Databases:** [PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, bioRxiv, etc.]
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**Supplementary:** [Citation chaining, grey literature, trial registries]
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**Search String Example:**
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```
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("CRISPR"[Title/Abstract] OR "Cas9"[Title/Abstract]) AND
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("disease"[MeSH Terms]) AND ("2015/01/01"[Date] : "2024/12/31"[Date])
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```
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**Dates:** [YYYY-MM-DD to YYYY-MM-DD] | **Executed:** [Date]
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**Validation:** [Key papers used to test search strategy]
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### 2.3 Tools and Software
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**Screening:** [Rayyan, Covidence, ASReview]
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**Analysis:** [VOSviewer, R, Python]
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**Citation Management:** [Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote]
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**AI Tools:** [Any AI-assisted tools used; document validation approach]
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### 2.4 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
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**Inclusion Criteria:**
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- [Criterion 1: e.g., Published between 2015-2024]
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- [Criterion 2: e.g., Peer-reviewed articles and preprints]
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- [Criterion 3: e.g., English language]
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- [Criterion 4: e.g., Human or animal studies]
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- [Criterion 5: e.g., Original research or systematic reviews]
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**Exclusion Criteria:**
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- [Criterion 1: e.g., Case reports with n<5]
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- [Criterion 2: e.g., Conference abstracts without full text]
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- [Criterion 3: e.g., Editorials and commentaries]
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- [Criterion 4: e.g., Duplicate publications]
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- [Criterion 5: e.g., Retracted articles]
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- [Criterion 6: e.g., Studies with unavailable full text after author contact]
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### 2.5 Study Selection
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**Reviewers:** [n independent reviewers] | **Conflict resolution:** [Method]
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**Inter-rater reliability:** [Cohen's kappa = X]
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**PRISMA Flow:**
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```
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Records identified: n=[X] → Deduplicated: n=[Y] →
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Title/abstract screened: n=[Y] → Full-text assessed: n=[Z] → Included: n=[N]
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```
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**Exclusion reasons:** [List with counts]
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### 2.6 Data Extraction
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**Method:** [Standardized form (Appendix E); pilot-tested on n studies]
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**Extractors:** [n independent] | **Verification:** [Double-checked]
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**Items:** Study ID, design, population, interventions/exposures, outcomes, statistics, funding, COI, bias domains
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**Missing data:** [Author contact protocol]
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### 2.7 Quality Assessment
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**Tool:** [Cochrane RoB 2.0 / ROBINS-I / Newcastle-Ottawa / AMSTAR 2 / JBI]
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**Method:** [2 independent reviewers; third for conflicts]
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**Rating:** [Low/Moderate/High risk of bias]
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**Publication bias:** [Funnel plots, Egger's test - if meta-analysis]
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### 2.8 Synthesis and Analysis
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**Approach:** [Narrative / Meta-analysis / Both]
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**Statistics** (if meta-analysis): Effect measures, heterogeneity (I², τ²), sensitivity analyses, subgroups
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**Software:** [RevMan, R, Stata]
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**Certainty:** [GRADE framework; factors: bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision]
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---
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## 3. Results
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### 3.1 Study Selection
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**Summary:** [X records → Y deduplicated → Z full-text → N included (M in meta-analysis)]
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**Study types:** [RCTs: n=X, Observational: n=Y, Reviews: n=Z]
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**Years:** [Range; peak year]
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**Geography:** [Countries represented]
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**Source:** [Peer-reviewed: n=X, Preprints: n=Y]
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### 3.2 Bibliometric Overview
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[Optional: Trends, journal distribution, author networks, citations, keywords - if analyzed with VOSviewer or similar]
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### 3.3 Study Characteristics
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| Study | Year | Design | Sample Size | Key Methods | Main Findings | Quality |
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|-------|------|--------|-------------|-------------|---------------|---------|
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| First Author et al. | 2023 | [Type] | n=[X] | [Methods] | [Brief findings] | [Low/Mod/High RoB] |
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**Quality:** Low RoB: n=X ([%]); Moderate: n=Y ([%]); High: n=Z ([%])
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### 3.4 Thematic Synthesis
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[Organize by themes, NOT study-by-study. Synthesize across studies to identify consensus, controversies, and gaps.]
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#### 3.4.1 Theme 1: [Title]
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**Findings:** [Synthesis of key findings from multiple studies]
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**Supporting studies:** [X, Y, Z]
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**Contradictory evidence:** [If any]
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**Certainty:** [GRADE rating if applicable]
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### 3.5 Methodological Approaches
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**Common methods:** [Method 1 (n studies), Method 2 (n studies)]
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**Emerging techniques:** [New approaches observed]
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**Methodological quality:** [Overall assessment]
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### 3.6 Meta-Analysis Results
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[Include only if conducting meta-analysis]
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**Effect estimates:** [Primary/secondary outcomes with 95% CI, p-values]
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**Heterogeneity:** [I²=X%, τ²=Y, interpretation]
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**Subgroups & sensitivity:** [Key findings from analyses]
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**Publication bias:** [Funnel plot, Egger's p=X]
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**Forest plots:** [Include for primary outcomes]
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### 3.7 Knowledge Gaps
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**Knowledge:** [Unanswered research questions]
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**Methodological:** [Study design/measurement issues]
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**Translational:** [Research-to-practice gaps]
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**Populations:** [Underrepresented groups/contexts]
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---
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## 4. Discussion
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### 4.1 Main Findings
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[Synthesize key findings by research question]
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**Principal findings:** [Top 3-5 takeaways]
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**Consensus:** [Where studies agree]
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**Controversy:** [Conflicting results]
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### 4.2 Interpretation and Implications
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**Context:** [How findings advance/challenge current understanding]
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**Mechanisms:** [Potential explanations for observed patterns]
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**Implications for:**
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- **Practice:** [Actionable recommendations]
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- **Policy:** [If relevant]
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- **Research:** [Theoretical, methodological, priority directions]
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### 4.3 Strengths and Limitations
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**Strengths:** [Comprehensive search, rigorous methods, large evidence base, transparency]
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**Limitations:**
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- Search/selection: [Language bias, database coverage, grey literature, publication bias]
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- Methodological: [Heterogeneity, study quality]
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- Temporal: [Rapid evolution, search cutoff date]
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**Impact:** [How limitations affect conclusions]
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### 4.4 Comparison with Previous Reviews
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[If relevant: How does this review update/differ from prior reviews?]
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### 4.5 Future Research
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**Priority questions:**
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1. [Question] - Rationale, suggested approach, expected impact
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2. [Question] - Rationale, suggested approach, expected impact
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3. [Question] - Rationale, suggested approach, expected impact
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**Recommendations:** [Methodological improvements, understudied populations, emerging technologies]
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---
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## 5. Conclusions
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[Concise conclusions addressing research questions]
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1. [Conclusion directly addressing primary research question]
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2. [Key finding conclusion]
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3. [Gap/future direction conclusion]
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**Evidence certainty:** [High/Moderate/Low/Very Low]
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**Translation readiness:** [Ready / Needs more research / Preliminary]
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---
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## 6. Declarations
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### Author Contributions
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[CRediT taxonomy: Author 1 - Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing; Author 2 - Analysis, Review; etc.]
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### Funding
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[Grant details with numbers] OR [No funding received]
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### Conflicts of Interest
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[Author-specific declarations] OR [None]
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### Data Availability
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**Protocol:** [PROSPERO/OSF ID or "Not registered"]
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**Data/Code:** [Repository URL/DOI or "Available upon request"]
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**Materials:** [Search strategies (Appendix A), PRISMA checklist (Appendix B), extraction form (Appendix E)]
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### Acknowledgments
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[Contributors not meeting authorship criteria, librarians, patient involvement]
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---
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## 7. References
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[Use consistent style: APA / Nature / Vancouver]
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**Format examples:**
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APA: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title. *Journal*, *volume*(issue), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx
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Nature: Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. Title. *J. Name* **volume**, pages (year).
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Vancouver: Author AA, Author BB. Title. J Abbrev. Year;volume(issue):pages. doi:xx.xxxx
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1. [First reference]
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2. [Second reference]
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3. [Continue...]
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---
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## 8. Appendices
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### Appendix A: Search Strings
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**PubMed** (Date: YYYY-MM-DD; Results: n)
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```
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[Complete search string with operators and MeSH terms]
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```
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[Repeat for each database: Scopus, Web of Science, bioRxiv, etc.]
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### Appendix B: PRISMA Checklist
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| Section | Item | Reported? | Page |
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|---------|------|-----------|------|
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| Title | Identify as systematic review | Yes/No | # |
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| Abstract | Structured summary | Yes/No | # |
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| Methods | Eligibility, sources, search, selection, data, quality | Yes/No | # |
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| Results | Selection, characteristics, risk of bias, syntheses | Yes/No | # |
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| Discussion | Interpretation, limitations, conclusions | Yes/No | # |
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| Other | Registration, support, conflicts, availability | Yes/No | # |
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### Appendix C: Excluded Studies
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| Study | Year | Reason | Category |
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|-------|------|--------|----------|
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| Author et al. | Year | [Reason] | [Wrong population/outcome/design/etc.] |
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**Summary:** Wrong population (n=X), Wrong outcome (n=Y), etc.
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### Appendix D: Quality Assessment
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**Tool:** [Cochrane RoB 2.0 / ROBINS-I / Newcastle-Ottawa / etc.]
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| Study | Domain 1 | Domain 2 | Domain 3 | Overall |
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|-------|----------|----------|----------|---------|
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| Study 1 | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low |
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| Study 2 | [Score] | [Score] | [Score] | [Overall] |
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### Appendix E: Data Extraction Form
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```
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STUDY: Author______ Year______ DOI______
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DESIGN: □RCT □Cohort □Case-Control □Cross-sectional □Other______
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POPULATION: n=_____ Age_____ Setting_____
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INTERVENTION/EXPOSURE: _____
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OUTCOMES: Primary_____ Secondary_____
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RESULTS: Effect size_____ 95%CI_____ p=_____
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QUALITY: □Low □Moderate □High RoB
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FUNDING/COI: _____
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```
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### Appendix F: Meta-Analysis Details
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[Only if meta-analysis performed]
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**Software:** [R 4.x.x with meta/metafor packages / RevMan / Stata]
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**Model:** [Random-effects; justification]
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**Code:** [Link to repository]
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**Sensitivity analyses:** [Details]
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### Appendix G: Author Contacts
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| Study | Contact Date | Response | Data Received |
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|-------|--------------|----------|---------------|
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| Author et al. | YYYY-MM-DD | Yes/No | Yes/No/Partial |
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---
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## 9. Supplementary Materials
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[If applicable]
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**Tables:** S1 (Full study characteristics), S2 (Quality scores), S3 (Subgroups), S4 (Sensitivity)
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**Figures:** S1 (PRISMA diagram), S2 (Risk of bias), S3 (Funnel plot), S4 (Forest plots), S5 (Networks)
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**Data:** S1 (Extraction file), S2 (Search results), S3 (Analysis code), S4 (PRISMA checklist)
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**Repository:** [OSF/GitHub/Zenodo URL with DOI]
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---
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## Review Metadata
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**Registration:** [Registry] ID: [Number] (Date: YYYY-MM-DD)
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**Search dates:** Initial: [Date]; Updated: [Date]
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**Version:** [1.0] | **Last updated:** [Date]
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**Quality checks:**
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- [ ] Citations verified with verify_citations.py
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- [ ] PRISMA checklist completed
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- [ ] Search reproducible
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- [ ] Independent data verification
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- [ ] Code peer-reviewed
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- [ ] All authors approved
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---
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## Usage Notes
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**Review type adaptations:**
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- Systematic Review: Use all sections
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- Meta-Analysis: Include sections 3.6, Appendix F
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- Narrative Review: May omit some methodology detail
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- Scoping Review: Follow PRISMA-ScR, may omit quality assessment
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**Key principles:**
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1. Remove all [bracketed placeholders]
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2. Follow PRISMA 2020 guidelines
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3. Pre-register when feasible (PROSPERO/OSF)
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4. Use thematic synthesis, not study-by-study
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5. Be transparent and reproducible
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6. Verify all DOIs before submission
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7. Make data/code openly available
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**Common pitfalls to avoid:**
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- Don't list studies - synthesize them
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- Don't cherry-pick results
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- Don't ignore limitations
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- Don't overstate conclusions
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- Don't skip publication bias assessment
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**Resources:**
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- PRISMA 2020: http://prisma-statement.org/
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- PROSPERO: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/
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- Cochrane Handbook: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook
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- GRADE: https://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/
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**DELETE THIS SECTION FROM YOUR FINAL REVIEW**
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---
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