gh-k-dense-ai-claude-scientific-writer-claude-scientific-writer/skills/latex-posters/references/poster_design_principles.md

Research Poster Design Principles

Overview

Effective poster design balances visual appeal, readability, and scientific content. This guide covers typography, color theory, visual hierarchy, accessibility, and evidence-based design principles for research posters.

Core Design Principles

1. Visual Hierarchy

Guide viewers through content in logical order using size, color, position, and contrast.

Hierarchy Levels:

1. Primary (Title): Largest, most prominent

   • Size: 72-120pt
   • Position: Top center or top spanning
   • Weight: Bold
   • Purpose: Capture attention from 20+ feet

2. Secondary (Section Headers): Organize content

   • Size: 48-72pt
   • Weight: Bold or semi-bold
   • Purpose: Section navigation, readable from 10 feet

3. Tertiary (Body Text): Main content

   • Size: 24-36pt minimum
   • Weight: Regular
   • Purpose: Detailed information, readable from 4-6 feet

4. Quaternary (Captions, References): Supporting info

   • Size: 18-24pt
   • Weight: Regular or light
   • Purpose: Context and attribution

Implementation:

% Define hierarchy in LaTeX
\setbeamerfont{title}{size=\VeryHuge,series=\bfseries}        % 90pt+
\setbeamerfont{block title}{size=\Huge,series=\bfseries}      % 60pt
\setbeamerfont{block body}{size=\LARGE}                        % 30pt
\setbeamerfont{caption}{size=\large}                           % 24pt

2. White Space (Negative Space)

Empty space is not wasted space—it enhances readability and guides attention.

White Space Functions:

• Breathing room: Prevents overwhelming viewers
• Grouping: Shows which elements belong together
• Focus: Draws attention to important elements
• Flow: Creates visual pathways through content

Guidelines:

• Minimum 5-10% margins on all sides
• Consistent spacing between blocks (1-2cm)
• Space around figures equal to or greater than border width
• Group related items closely, separate unrelated items
• Don't fill every inch—aim for 40-60% text coverage

LaTeX Implementation:

% beamerposter spacing
\setbeamertemplate{block begin}{
  \vskip2ex  % Space before block
  ...
}

% tikzposter spacing
\documentclass[..., blockverticalspace=15mm, colspace=15mm]{tikzposter}

% Manual spacing
\vspace{2cm}  % Vertical space
\hspace{1cm}  % Horizontal space

3. Alignment and Grid Systems

Proper alignment creates professional, organized appearance.

Alignment Types:

• Left-aligned text: Most readable for body text (Western audiences)
• Center-aligned: Headers, titles, symmetric layouts
• Right-aligned: Rarely used, special cases only
• Justified: Avoid (creates uneven spacing)

Grid Systems:

• 2-column: Simple, traditional, good for narrative flow
• 3-column: Most common, balanced, versatile
• 4-column: Complex, information-dense, requires careful design
• Asymmetric: Creative, modern, requires expertise

Best Practices:

• Align block edges to invisible grid lines
• Keep consistent column widths (unless intentionally asymmetric)
• Align similar elements (all figures, all text blocks)
• Use consistent margins throughout

4. Visual Flow and Reading Patterns

Design for natural eye movement and logical content progression.

Common Reading Patterns:

Z-Pattern (Landscape posters):

Start → → → Top Right
  ↓
Middle Left → → Middle
  ↓
Bottom Left → → → End

F-Pattern (Portrait posters):

Title → → → →
↓
Section 1 → →
↓
Section 2 → →
↓
Section 3 → →
↓
Conclusion → →

Gutenberg Diagram:

Primary Area     Strong Fallow
(top-left)       (top-right)
        ↓              ↓
Weak Fallow      Terminal Area
(bottom-left)    (bottom-right)

Implementation Strategy:

1. Place most important content in "hot zones" (top-left, center)
2. Create visual paths with arrows, lines, or color
3. Use numbering for sequential information (Methods steps)
4. Design left-to-right, top-to-bottom flow (Western audiences)
5. Position conclusions prominently (bottom-right is natural endpoint)

Typography

Font Selection

Recommended Fonts:

Sans-Serif (Recommended for posters):

• Helvetica: Clean, professional, widely available
• Arial: Similar to Helvetica, universal compatibility
• Calibri: Modern, friendly, good readability
• Open Sans: Contemporary, excellent web and print
• Roboto: Modern, Google design, highly readable
• Lato: Warm, professional, works at all sizes

Serif (Use sparingly):

• Times New Roman: Traditional, formal
• Garamond: Elegant, good for humanities
• Georgia: Designed for screens, readable

Avoid:

• ❌ Comic Sans (unprofessional)
• ❌ Decorative or script fonts (illegible from distance)
• ❌ Mixing more than 2-3 font families

LaTeX Implementation:

% Helvetica (sans-serif)
\usepackage{helvet}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}

% Arial-like
\usepackage{avant}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}

% Modern fonts with fontspec (requires LuaLaTeX/XeLaTeX)
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont{Helvetica Neue}
\setsansfont{Open Sans}

Font Sizing

Absolute Minimum Sizes (readable from 4-6 feet):

• Title: 72pt+ (85-120pt recommended)
• Section headers: 48-72pt
• Body text: 24-36pt (30pt+ recommended)
• Captions/small text: 18-24pt
• References: 16-20pt minimum

Testing Readability:

• Print at 25% scale
• Read from 2-3 feet distance
• If legible, full-scale poster will be readable from 8-12 feet

Size Conversion:

LaTeX Command	Approximate Size	Use Case
\tiny	10pt	Avoid on posters
\small	16pt	Minimal use only
\normalsize	20pt	References (scaled up)
\large	24pt	Captions, small text
\Large	28pt	Body text (minimum)
\LARGE	32pt	Body text (recommended)
\huge	36pt	Subheadings
\Huge	48pt	Section headers
\VeryHuge	72pt+	Title

Text Formatting Best Practices

Use:

• ✅ Bold for emphasis and headers
• ✅ Short paragraphs (3-5 lines maximum)
• ✅ Bullet points for lists
• ✅ Adequate line spacing (1.2-1.5)
• ✅ High contrast (dark text on light background)

Avoid:

• ❌ Italics from distance (hard to read)
• ❌ ALL CAPS FOR LONG TEXT (SLOW TO READ)
• ❌ Underlines (old-fashioned, interferes with descenders)
• ❌ Long paragraphs (> 6 lines)
• ❌ Light text on light backgrounds

Line Spacing:

% Increase line spacing for readability
\usepackage{setspace}
\setstretch{1.3}  % 1.3x normal spacing

% Or in specific blocks
\begin{spacing}{1.5}
  Your text here with extra spacing
\end{spacing}

Color Theory for Posters

Color Psychology and Meaning

Colors convey meaning and affect viewer perception:

Color	Associations	Use Cases
Blue	Trust, professionalism, science	Academic, medical, technology
Green	Nature, health, growth	Environmental, biology, health
Red	Energy, urgency, passion	Attention, warnings, bold statements
Orange	Creativity, enthusiasm	Innovative research, friendly approach
Purple	Wisdom, creativity, luxury	Humanities, arts, premium research
Gray	Neutral, professional, modern	Technology, minimal designs
Yellow	Optimism, attention, caution	Highlights, energy, caution areas

Color Scheme Types

1. Monochromatic: Variations of single hue

• Pros: Harmonious, professional, easy to execute
• Cons: Can be boring, less visual interest
• Use: Conservative conferences, institutional branding

% Monochromatic blue scheme
\definecolor{darkblue}{RGB}{0,51,102}
\definecolor{medblue}{RGB}{51,102,153}
\definecolor{lightblue}{RGB}{204,229,255}

2. Analogous: Adjacent colors on color wheel

• Pros: Harmonious, visually comfortable
• Cons: Low contrast, may lack excitement
• Use: Nature/biology topics, smooth gradients

% Analogous blue-green scheme
\definecolor{blue}{RGB}{0,102,204}
\definecolor{teal}{RGB}{0,153,153}
\definecolor{green}{RGB}{51,153,102}

3. Complementary: Opposite colors on wheel

• Pros: High contrast, vibrant, energetic
• Cons: Can be overwhelming if intense
• Use: Drawing attention, modern designs

% Complementary blue-orange scheme
\definecolor{primary}{RGB}{0,71,171}     % Blue
\definecolor{accent}{RGB}{255,127,0}     % Orange

4. Triadic: Three evenly spaced colors

• Pros: Balanced, vibrant, visually rich
• Cons: Can appear busy if not balanced
• Use: Multi-topic posters, creative fields

% Triadic scheme
\definecolor{blue}{RGB}{0,102,204}
\definecolor{red}{RGB}{204,0,51}
\definecolor{yellow}{RGB}{255,204,0}

5. Split-Complementary: Base + two adjacent to complement

• Pros: High contrast but less tense than complementary
• Cons: Complex to balance
• Use: Sophisticated designs, experienced designers

High-Contrast Combinations

Ensure readability with sufficient contrast:

Excellent Contrast (Use these):

• Dark blue on white
• Black on white
• White on dark blue/green/purple
• Dark gray on light yellow
• Black on light cyan

Poor Contrast (Avoid):

• ❌ Red on green (color-blind issue)
• ❌ Yellow on white
• ❌ Light gray on white
• ❌ Blue on black (hard to read)
• ❌ Any pure colors on each other

Contrast Ratio Standards:

• Minimum: 4.5:1 (WCAG AA)
• Recommended: 7:1 (WCAG AAA)
• Test at: https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/

LaTeX Color Contrast:

% High contrast header
\setbeamercolor{block title}{bg=black, fg=white}

% Medium contrast body
\setbeamercolor{block body}{bg=gray!10, fg=black}

% Check contrast manually or use online tools

Color-Blind Friendly Palettes

~8% of males and ~0.5% of females have color vision deficiency.

Safe Color Combinations:

• Blue + Orange (most universally distinguishable)
• Blue + Yellow
• Blue + Red
• Purple + Green (use with caution)

Avoid:

• ❌ Red + Green (indistinguishable to most common color blindness)
• ❌ Green + Brown
• ❌ Blue + Purple (can be problematic)
• ❌ Light green + Yellow

Recommended Palettes:

IBM Color Blind Safe (excellent accessibility):

\definecolor{ibmblue}{RGB}{100,143,255}
\definecolor{ibmmagenta}{RGB}{254,97,0}
\definecolor{ibmpurple}{RGB}{220,38,127}
\definecolor{ibmcyan}{RGB}{33,191,115}

Okabe-Ito Palette (scientifically tested):

\definecolor{okorange}{RGB}{230,159,0}
\definecolor{okskyblue}{RGB}{86,180,233}
\definecolor{okgreen}{RGB}{0,158,115}
\definecolor{okyellow}{RGB}{240,228,66}
\definecolor{okblue}{RGB}{0,114,178}
\definecolor{okvermillion}{RGB}{213,94,0}
\definecolor{okpurple}{RGB}{204,121,167}

Paul Tol's Bright Palette:

\definecolor{tolblue}{RGB}{68,119,170}
\definecolor{tolred}{RGB}{204,102,119}
\definecolor{tolgreen}{RGB}{34,136,51}
\definecolor{tolyellow}{RGB}{238,221,136}
\definecolor{tolcyan}{RGB}{102,204,238}

Institutional Branding

Match university or department colors:

% Example: Stanford colors
\definecolor{stanford-red}{RGB}{140,21,21}
\definecolor{stanford-gray}{RGB}{83,86,90}

% Example: MIT colors
\definecolor{mit-red}{RGB}{163,31,52}
\definecolor{mit-gray}{RGB}{138,139,140}

% Example: Cambridge colors
\definecolor{cambridge-blue}{RGB}{163,193,173}
\definecolor{cambridge-lblue}{RGB}{212,239,223}

Accessibility Considerations

Universal Design Principles

Design posters usable by the widest range of people:

1. Visual Accessibility:

• High contrast text (minimum 4.5:1 ratio)
• Large font sizes (24pt+ body text)
• Color-blind safe palettes
• Clear visual hierarchy
• Avoid relying solely on color to convey information

2. Cognitive Accessibility:

• Clear, simple language
• Logical organization
• Consistent layout
• Visual cues for navigation (arrows, numbers)
• Avoid clutter and information overload

3. Physical Accessibility:

• Position critical content at wheelchair-accessible height (3-5 feet)
• Include QR codes to digital versions
• Provide printed handouts for detail viewing
• Consider lighting and reflection in poster material choice

Alternative Text and Descriptions

Make posters accessible to screen readers (for digital versions):

% Add alt text to figures
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figure.pdf}
% Alternative: Include detailed caption
\caption{Bar graph showing mean±SD of treatment outcomes. 
Control group (blue): 45±5\%; Treatment group (orange): 78±6\%. 
Asterisks indicate significance: *p<0.05, **p<0.01.}

Multi-Modal Information

Don't rely on single sensory channel:

Use Redundant Encoding:

• Color + Shape (not just color for categories)
• Color + Pattern (hatching, stippling)
• Color + Label (text labels on graph elements)
• Text + Icons (visual + verbal)

Example:

% Good: Color + shape + label
\begin{tikzpicture}
  \draw[fill=blue, circle] (0,0) circle (0.3) node[right] {Male: 45\%};
  \draw[fill=red, rectangle] (0,-1) rectangle (0.6,-0.4) node[right] {Female: 55\%};
\end{tikzpicture}

Layout Composition

Rule of Thirds

Divide poster into 3×3 grid; place key elements at intersections:

+-----+-----+-----+
|  ×  |     |  ×  |  ← Top third (title, logos)
+-----+-----+-----+
|     |  ×  |     |  ← Middle third (main content)
+-----+-----+-----+
|  ×  |     |  ×  |  ← Bottom third (conclusions)
+-----+-----+-----+
  ↑           ↑
Left        Right

Power Points (intersections):

• Top-left: Primary section start
• Top-right: Logos, QR codes
• Center: Key figure or main result
• Bottom-right: Conclusions, contact

Balance and Symmetry

Symmetric Layouts:

• Formal, traditional, stable
• Easy to design
• Can appear static or boring
• Good for conservative audiences

Asymmetric Layouts:

• Dynamic, modern, interesting
• Harder to execute well
• More visually engaging
• Good for creative fields

Visual Weight Balance:

• Large elements = heavy weight
• Dark colors = heavy weight
• Dense text = heavy weight
• Distribute weight evenly across poster

Proximity and Grouping

Gestalt Principles:

Proximity: Items close together are perceived as related

[Introduction]  [Methods]

[Results]       [Discussion]

Similarity: Similar items are perceived as grouped

• Use consistent colors for related sections
• Same border styles for similar content types

Continuity: Eyes follow lines and paths

• Use arrows to guide through methods
• Align elements to create invisible lines

Closure: Mind completes incomplete shapes

• Use partial borders to group without boxing in

Visual Elements

Icons and Graphics

Strategic use of icons enhances comprehension:

Benefits:

• Universal language (crosses linguistic barriers)
• Faster processing than text
• Adds visual interest
• Clarifies concepts

Best Practices:

• Use consistent style (all line, all filled, all flat)
• Appropriate size (1-3cm typical)
• Label ambiguous icons
• Source: Font Awesome, Noun Project, academic icon sets

LaTeX Implementation:

% Font Awesome icons
\usepackage{fontawesome5}
\faFlask{} Methods \quad \faChartBar{} Results

% Custom icons with TikZ
\begin{tikzpicture}
  \node[circle, draw, thick, minimum size=1cm] {\Huge \faAtom};
\end{tikzpicture}

Borders and Dividers

Use Borders To:

• Define sections
• Group related content
• Add visual interest
• Match institutional branding

Border Styles:

• Solid lines: Traditional, formal
• Dashed lines: Informal, secondary info
• Rounded corners: Friendly, modern
• Drop shadows: Depth, modern (use sparingly)

Guidelines:

• Keep consistent width (2-5pt typical)
• Use sparingly (not every element needs a border)
• Match border color to content or theme
• Ensure sufficient padding inside borders

% tikzposter borders
\usecolorstyle{Denmark}
\tikzposterlatexaffectionproofoff  % Remove bottom-right logo

% Custom border style
\defineblockstyle{CustomBlock}{
  titlewidthscale=1, bodywidthscale=1, titleleft,
  titleoffsetx=0pt, titleoffsety=0pt, bodyoffsetx=0pt, bodyoffsety=0pt,
  bodyverticalshift=0pt, roundedcorners=10, linewidth=2pt,
  titleinnersep=8mm, bodyinnersep=8mm
}{
  \draw[draw=blocktitlebgcolor, fill=blockbodybgcolor, 
        rounded corners=\blockroundedcorners, line width=\blocklinewidth]
       (blockbody.south west) rectangle (blocktitle.north east);
}

Background and Texture

Background Options:

Plain (Recommended):

• White or very light color
• Maximum readability
• Professional
• Print-friendly

Gradient:

• Subtle gradients acceptable
• Top-to-bottom or radial
• Avoid strong contrasts that interfere with text

Textured:

• Very subtle textures only
• Watermarks of logos/molecules (5-10% opacity)
• Avoid patterns that create visual noise

Avoid:

• ❌ Busy backgrounds
• ❌ Images behind text
• ❌ High contrast backgrounds
• ❌ Repeating patterns that cause visual artifacts

% Gradient background in tikzposter
\documentclass{tikzposter}
\definecolorstyle{GradientStyle}{
  % ...color definitions...
}{
  \colorlet{backgroundcolor}{white!90!blue}
  \colorlet{framecolor}{white!70!blue}
}

% Watermark
\usepackage{tikz}
\AddToShipoutPictureBG{
  \AtPageCenter{
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\paperwidth,opacity=0.05]{university-seal.pdf}
  }
}

Common Design Mistakes

Critical Errors

1. Too Much Text (Most common mistake)

• ❌ More than 1000 words
• ❌ Long paragraphs (>5 lines)
• ❌ Small font sizes to fit more content
• ✅ Solution: Cut ruthlessly, use bullet points, focus on key messages

2. Poor Contrast

• ❌ Light text on light background
• ❌ Colored text on colored background
• ✅ Solution: Dark on light or light on dark, test contrast ratio

3. Font Size Too Small

• ❌ Body text under 24pt
• ❌ Trying to fit full paper content
• ✅ Solution: 30pt+ body text, prioritize key findings

4. Cluttered Layout

• ❌ No white space
• ❌ Elements touching edges
• ❌ Random placement
• ✅ Solution: Generous margins, grid alignment, intentional white space

5. Inconsistent Styling

• ❌ Multiple font families
• ❌ Varying header styles
• ❌ Misaligned elements
• ✅ Solution: Define style guide, use templates, align to grid

Moderate Issues

6. Poor Figure Quality

• ❌ Pixelated images (<300 DPI)
• ❌ Tiny axis labels
• ❌ Unreadable legends
• ✅ Solution: Vector graphics (PDF/SVG), large labels, clear legends

7. Color Overload

• ❌ Too many colors (>5 distinct hues)
• ❌ Neon or overly saturated colors
• ✅ Solution: Limit to 2-3 main colors, use tints/shades for variation

8. Ignoring Visual Hierarchy

• ❌ All text same size
• ❌ No clear entry point
• ✅ Solution: Vary sizes significantly, clear title, visual flow

9. Information Overload

• ❌ Trying to show everything
• ❌ Too many figures
• ✅ Solution: Show 3-5 key results, link to full paper via QR code

10. Poor Typography

• ❌ Justified text (uneven spacing)
• ❌ All caps body text
• ❌ Mixing serif and sans-serif randomly
• ✅ Solution: Left-align body, sentence case, consistent fonts

Design Checklist

Before Printing

• Title visible and readable from 20+ feet
• Body text minimum 24pt, ideally 30pt+
• High contrast (4.5:1 minimum) throughout
• Color-blind friendly palette
• Less than 800 words total
• White space around all elements
• Consistent alignment and spacing
• All figures high resolution (300+ DPI)
• Figure labels readable (18pt+ minimum)
• No orphaned text or awkward breaks
• Contact information included
• QR codes tested and functional
• Consistent font usage (2-3 families max)
• All acronyms defined
• Proper institutional branding/logos
• Print test at 25% scale for readability check

Content Review

• Clear narrative arc (problem → approach → findings → impact)
• 1-3 main messages clearly communicated
• Methods concise but reproducible
• Results visually presented (not just text)
• Conclusions actionable and clear
• References cited appropriately
• No typos or grammatical errors
• Figures have descriptive captions
• Data visualizations are clear and honest
• Statistical significance properly indicated

Evidence-Based Design Recommendations

Research on poster effectiveness shows:

Findings from Studies:

1. Viewers spend 3-5 minutes average on posters

   • Design for scanning, not deep reading
   • Most important info must be visible immediately

2. Visual content processed 60,000× faster than text

   • Use figures, not paragraphs, to convey key findings
   • Images attract attention first

3. High contrast improves recall by 40%

   • Dark on light > light on dark for comprehension
   • Color contrast aids memory retention

4. White space increases comprehension by 20%

   • Don't fear empty space
   • Margins and padding are essential

5. Three-column layouts most effective for portrait posters

   • Balanced visual weight
   • Natural reading flow

6. QR codes increase engagement by 30%

   • Provide digital access to full paper
   • Link to videos, code repositories, data

Resources and Tools

Color Tools

• Coolors.co: Generate color palettes
• Adobe Color: Color wheel and accessibility checker
• ColorBrewer: Scientific visualization palettes
• WebAIM Contrast Checker: Test contrast ratios

Design Resources

• Canva: Poster mockups and inspiration
• Figma: Design prototypes before LaTeX
• Noun Project: Icons and graphics
• Font Awesome: Icon fonts for LaTeX

Testing Tools

• Coblis: Color blindness simulator
• Vischeck: Another color blindness checker
• Accessibility Checker: WCAG compliance

LaTeX Packages

• xcolor: Extended color support
• tcolorbox: Colored boxes and frames
• fontawesome5: Icon fonts
• qrcode: QR code generation
• tikz: Custom graphics

Conclusion

Effective poster design requires balancing aesthetics, readability, and scientific content. Follow these core principles:

1. Less is more: Prioritize key messages over comprehensive detail
2. Size matters: Make text large enough to read from distance
3. Contrast is critical: Ensure all text is highly readable
4. Accessibility first: Design for diverse audiences
5. Visual hierarchy: Guide viewers through content logically
6. Test early: Print at reduced scale and gather feedback

Remember: A poster is an advertisement for your research and a conversation starter—not a substitute for reading the full paper.