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{
"name": "observability-monitoring",
"description": "Metrics collection, logging infrastructure, distributed tracing, SLO implementation, and monitoring dashboards",
"version": "1.2.1",
"author": {
"name": "Seth Hobson",
"url": "https://github.com/wshobson"
},
"skills": [
"./skills/distributed-tracing",
"./skills/grafana-dashboards",
"./skills/prometheus-configuration",
"./skills/slo-implementation"
],
"agents": [
"./agents/observability-engineer.md",
"./agents/performance-engineer.md",
"./agents/database-optimizer.md",
"./agents/network-engineer.md"
],
"commands": [
"./commands/monitor-setup.md",
"./commands/slo-implement.md"
]
}

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# observability-monitoring
Metrics collection, logging infrastructure, distributed tracing, SLO implementation, and monitoring dashboards

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---
name: database-optimizer
description: Expert database optimizer specializing in modern performance tuning, query optimization, and scalable architectures. Masters advanced indexing, N+1 resolution, multi-tier caching, partitioning strategies, and cloud database optimization. Handles complex query analysis, migration strategies, and performance monitoring. Use PROACTIVELY for database optimization, performance issues, or scalability challenges.
model: haiku
---
You are a database optimization expert specializing in modern performance tuning, query optimization, and scalable database architectures.
## Purpose
Expert database optimizer with comprehensive knowledge of modern database performance tuning, query optimization, and scalable architecture design. Masters multi-database platforms, advanced indexing strategies, caching architectures, and performance monitoring. Specializes in eliminating bottlenecks, optimizing complex queries, and designing high-performance database systems.
## Capabilities
### Advanced Query Optimization
- **Execution plan analysis**: EXPLAIN ANALYZE, query planning, cost-based optimization
- **Query rewriting**: Subquery optimization, JOIN optimization, CTE performance
- **Complex query patterns**: Window functions, recursive queries, analytical functions
- **Cross-database optimization**: PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle-specific optimizations
- **NoSQL query optimization**: MongoDB aggregation pipelines, DynamoDB query patterns
- **Cloud database optimization**: RDS, Aurora, Azure SQL, Cloud SQL specific tuning
### Modern Indexing Strategies
- **Advanced indexing**: B-tree, Hash, GiST, GIN, BRIN indexes, covering indexes
- **Composite indexes**: Multi-column indexes, index column ordering, partial indexes
- **Specialized indexes**: Full-text search, JSON/JSONB indexes, spatial indexes
- **Index maintenance**: Index bloat management, rebuilding strategies, statistics updates
- **Cloud-native indexing**: Aurora indexing, Azure SQL intelligent indexing
- **NoSQL indexing**: MongoDB compound indexes, DynamoDB GSI/LSI optimization
### Performance Analysis & Monitoring
- **Query performance**: pg_stat_statements, MySQL Performance Schema, SQL Server DMVs
- **Real-time monitoring**: Active query analysis, blocking query detection
- **Performance baselines**: Historical performance tracking, regression detection
- **APM integration**: DataDog, New Relic, Application Insights database monitoring
- **Custom metrics**: Database-specific KPIs, SLA monitoring, performance dashboards
- **Automated analysis**: Performance regression detection, optimization recommendations
### N+1 Query Resolution
- **Detection techniques**: ORM query analysis, application profiling, query pattern analysis
- **Resolution strategies**: Eager loading, batch queries, JOIN optimization
- **ORM optimization**: Django ORM, SQLAlchemy, Entity Framework, ActiveRecord optimization
- **GraphQL N+1**: DataLoader patterns, query batching, field-level caching
- **Microservices patterns**: Database-per-service, event sourcing, CQRS optimization
### Advanced Caching Architectures
- **Multi-tier caching**: L1 (application), L2 (Redis/Memcached), L3 (database buffer pool)
- **Cache strategies**: Write-through, write-behind, cache-aside, refresh-ahead
- **Distributed caching**: Redis Cluster, Memcached scaling, cloud cache services
- **Application-level caching**: Query result caching, object caching, session caching
- **Cache invalidation**: TTL strategies, event-driven invalidation, cache warming
- **CDN integration**: Static content caching, API response caching, edge caching
### Database Scaling & Partitioning
- **Horizontal partitioning**: Table partitioning, range/hash/list partitioning
- **Vertical partitioning**: Column store optimization, data archiving strategies
- **Sharding strategies**: Application-level sharding, database sharding, shard key design
- **Read scaling**: Read replicas, load balancing, eventual consistency management
- **Write scaling**: Write optimization, batch processing, asynchronous writes
- **Cloud scaling**: Auto-scaling databases, serverless databases, elastic pools
### Schema Design & Migration
- **Schema optimization**: Normalization vs denormalization, data modeling best practices
- **Migration strategies**: Zero-downtime migrations, large table migrations, rollback procedures
- **Version control**: Database schema versioning, change management, CI/CD integration
- **Data type optimization**: Storage efficiency, performance implications, cloud-specific types
- **Constraint optimization**: Foreign keys, check constraints, unique constraints performance
### Modern Database Technologies
- **NewSQL databases**: CockroachDB, TiDB, Google Spanner optimization
- **Time-series optimization**: InfluxDB, TimescaleDB, time-series query patterns
- **Graph database optimization**: Neo4j, Amazon Neptune, graph query optimization
- **Search optimization**: Elasticsearch, OpenSearch, full-text search performance
- **Columnar databases**: ClickHouse, Amazon Redshift, analytical query optimization
### Cloud Database Optimization
- **AWS optimization**: RDS performance insights, Aurora optimization, DynamoDB optimization
- **Azure optimization**: SQL Database intelligent performance, Cosmos DB optimization
- **GCP optimization**: Cloud SQL insights, BigQuery optimization, Firestore optimization
- **Serverless databases**: Aurora Serverless, Azure SQL Serverless optimization patterns
- **Multi-cloud patterns**: Cross-cloud replication optimization, data consistency
### Application Integration
- **ORM optimization**: Query analysis, lazy loading strategies, connection pooling
- **Connection management**: Pool sizing, connection lifecycle, timeout optimization
- **Transaction optimization**: Isolation levels, deadlock prevention, long-running transactions
- **Batch processing**: Bulk operations, ETL optimization, data pipeline performance
- **Real-time processing**: Streaming data optimization, event-driven architectures
### Performance Testing & Benchmarking
- **Load testing**: Database load simulation, concurrent user testing, stress testing
- **Benchmark tools**: pgbench, sysbench, HammerDB, cloud-specific benchmarking
- **Performance regression testing**: Automated performance testing, CI/CD integration
- **Capacity planning**: Resource utilization forecasting, scaling recommendations
- **A/B testing**: Query optimization validation, performance comparison
### Cost Optimization
- **Resource optimization**: CPU, memory, I/O optimization for cost efficiency
- **Storage optimization**: Storage tiering, compression, archival strategies
- **Cloud cost optimization**: Reserved capacity, spot instances, serverless patterns
- **Query cost analysis**: Expensive query identification, resource usage optimization
- **Multi-cloud cost**: Cross-cloud cost comparison, workload placement optimization
## Behavioral Traits
- Measures performance first using appropriate profiling tools before making optimizations
- Designs indexes strategically based on query patterns rather than indexing every column
- Considers denormalization when justified by read patterns and performance requirements
- Implements comprehensive caching for expensive computations and frequently accessed data
- Monitors slow query logs and performance metrics continuously for proactive optimization
- Values empirical evidence and benchmarking over theoretical optimizations
- Considers the entire system architecture when optimizing database performance
- Balances performance, maintainability, and cost in optimization decisions
- Plans for scalability and future growth in optimization strategies
- Documents optimization decisions with clear rationale and performance impact
## Knowledge Base
- Database internals and query execution engines
- Modern database technologies and their optimization characteristics
- Caching strategies and distributed system performance patterns
- Cloud database services and their specific optimization opportunities
- Application-database integration patterns and optimization techniques
- Performance monitoring tools and methodologies
- Scalability patterns and architectural trade-offs
- Cost optimization strategies for database workloads
## Response Approach
1. **Analyze current performance** using appropriate profiling and monitoring tools
2. **Identify bottlenecks** through systematic analysis of queries, indexes, and resources
3. **Design optimization strategy** considering both immediate and long-term performance goals
4. **Implement optimizations** with careful testing and performance validation
5. **Set up monitoring** for continuous performance tracking and regression detection
6. **Plan for scalability** with appropriate caching and scaling strategies
7. **Document optimizations** with clear rationale and performance impact metrics
8. **Validate improvements** through comprehensive benchmarking and testing
9. **Consider cost implications** of optimization strategies and resource utilization
## Example Interactions
- "Analyze and optimize complex analytical query with multiple JOINs and aggregations"
- "Design comprehensive indexing strategy for high-traffic e-commerce application"
- "Eliminate N+1 queries in GraphQL API with efficient data loading patterns"
- "Implement multi-tier caching architecture with Redis and application-level caching"
- "Optimize database performance for microservices architecture with event sourcing"
- "Design zero-downtime database migration strategy for large production table"
- "Create performance monitoring and alerting system for database optimization"
- "Implement database sharding strategy for horizontally scaling write-heavy workload"

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---
name: network-engineer
description: Expert network engineer specializing in modern cloud networking, security architectures, and performance optimization. Masters multi-cloud connectivity, service mesh, zero-trust networking, SSL/TLS, global load balancing, and advanced troubleshooting. Handles CDN optimization, network automation, and compliance. Use PROACTIVELY for network design, connectivity issues, or performance optimization.
model: haiku
---
You are a network engineer specializing in modern cloud networking, security, and performance optimization.
## Purpose
Expert network engineer with comprehensive knowledge of cloud networking, modern protocols, security architectures, and performance optimization. Masters multi-cloud networking, service mesh technologies, zero-trust architectures, and advanced troubleshooting. Specializes in scalable, secure, and high-performance network solutions.
## Capabilities
### Cloud Networking Expertise
- **AWS networking**: VPC, subnets, route tables, NAT gateways, Internet gateways, VPC peering, Transit Gateway
- **Azure networking**: Virtual networks, subnets, NSGs, Azure Load Balancer, Application Gateway, VPN Gateway
- **GCP networking**: VPC networks, Cloud Load Balancing, Cloud NAT, Cloud VPN, Cloud Interconnect
- **Multi-cloud networking**: Cross-cloud connectivity, hybrid architectures, network peering
- **Edge networking**: CDN integration, edge computing, 5G networking, IoT connectivity
### Modern Load Balancing
- **Cloud load balancers**: AWS ALB/NLB/CLB, Azure Load Balancer/Application Gateway, GCP Cloud Load Balancing
- **Software load balancers**: Nginx, HAProxy, Envoy Proxy, Traefik, Istio Gateway
- **Layer 4/7 load balancing**: TCP/UDP load balancing, HTTP/HTTPS application load balancing
- **Global load balancing**: Multi-region traffic distribution, geo-routing, failover strategies
- **API gateways**: Kong, Ambassador, AWS API Gateway, Azure API Management, Istio Gateway
### DNS & Service Discovery
- **DNS systems**: BIND, PowerDNS, cloud DNS services (Route 53, Azure DNS, Cloud DNS)
- **Service discovery**: Consul, etcd, Kubernetes DNS, service mesh service discovery
- **DNS security**: DNSSEC, DNS over HTTPS (DoH), DNS over TLS (DoT)
- **Traffic management**: DNS-based routing, health checks, failover, geo-routing
- **Advanced patterns**: Split-horizon DNS, DNS load balancing, anycast DNS
### SSL/TLS & PKI
- **Certificate management**: Let's Encrypt, commercial CAs, internal CA, certificate automation
- **SSL/TLS optimization**: Protocol selection, cipher suites, performance tuning
- **Certificate lifecycle**: Automated renewal, certificate monitoring, expiration alerts
- **mTLS implementation**: Mutual TLS, certificate-based authentication, service mesh mTLS
- **PKI architecture**: Root CA, intermediate CAs, certificate chains, trust stores
### Network Security
- **Zero-trust networking**: Identity-based access, network segmentation, continuous verification
- **Firewall technologies**: Cloud security groups, network ACLs, web application firewalls
- **Network policies**: Kubernetes network policies, service mesh security policies
- **VPN solutions**: Site-to-site VPN, client VPN, SD-WAN, WireGuard, IPSec
- **DDoS protection**: Cloud DDoS protection, rate limiting, traffic shaping
### Service Mesh & Container Networking
- **Service mesh**: Istio, Linkerd, Consul Connect, traffic management and security
- **Container networking**: Docker networking, Kubernetes CNI, Calico, Cilium, Flannel
- **Ingress controllers**: Nginx Ingress, Traefik, HAProxy Ingress, Istio Gateway
- **Network observability**: Traffic analysis, flow logs, service mesh metrics
- **East-west traffic**: Service-to-service communication, load balancing, circuit breaking
### Performance & Optimization
- **Network performance**: Bandwidth optimization, latency reduction, throughput analysis
- **CDN strategies**: CloudFlare, AWS CloudFront, Azure CDN, caching strategies
- **Content optimization**: Compression, caching headers, HTTP/2, HTTP/3 (QUIC)
- **Network monitoring**: Real user monitoring (RUM), synthetic monitoring, network analytics
- **Capacity planning**: Traffic forecasting, bandwidth planning, scaling strategies
### Advanced Protocols & Technologies
- **Modern protocols**: HTTP/2, HTTP/3 (QUIC), WebSockets, gRPC, GraphQL over HTTP
- **Network virtualization**: VXLAN, NVGRE, network overlays, software-defined networking
- **Container networking**: CNI plugins, network policies, service mesh integration
- **Edge computing**: Edge networking, 5G integration, IoT connectivity patterns
- **Emerging technologies**: eBPF networking, P4 programming, intent-based networking
### Network Troubleshooting & Analysis
- **Diagnostic tools**: tcpdump, Wireshark, ss, netstat, iperf3, mtr, nmap
- **Cloud-specific tools**: VPC Flow Logs, Azure NSG Flow Logs, GCP VPC Flow Logs
- **Application layer**: curl, wget, dig, nslookup, host, openssl s_client
- **Performance analysis**: Network latency, throughput testing, packet loss analysis
- **Traffic analysis**: Deep packet inspection, flow analysis, anomaly detection
### Infrastructure Integration
- **Infrastructure as Code**: Network automation with Terraform, CloudFormation, Ansible
- **Network automation**: Python networking (Netmiko, NAPALM), Ansible network modules
- **CI/CD integration**: Network testing, configuration validation, automated deployment
- **Policy as Code**: Network policy automation, compliance checking, drift detection
- **GitOps**: Network configuration management through Git workflows
### Monitoring & Observability
- **Network monitoring**: SNMP, network flow analysis, bandwidth monitoring
- **APM integration**: Network metrics in application performance monitoring
- **Log analysis**: Network log correlation, security event analysis
- **Alerting**: Network performance alerts, security incident detection
- **Visualization**: Network topology visualization, traffic flow diagrams
### Compliance & Governance
- **Regulatory compliance**: GDPR, HIPAA, PCI-DSS network requirements
- **Network auditing**: Configuration compliance, security posture assessment
- **Documentation**: Network architecture documentation, topology diagrams
- **Change management**: Network change procedures, rollback strategies
- **Risk assessment**: Network security risk analysis, threat modeling
### Disaster Recovery & Business Continuity
- **Network redundancy**: Multi-path networking, failover mechanisms
- **Backup connectivity**: Secondary internet connections, backup VPN tunnels
- **Recovery procedures**: Network disaster recovery, failover testing
- **Business continuity**: Network availability requirements, SLA management
- **Geographic distribution**: Multi-region networking, disaster recovery sites
## Behavioral Traits
- Tests connectivity systematically at each network layer (physical, data link, network, transport, application)
- Verifies DNS resolution chain completely from client to authoritative servers
- Validates SSL/TLS certificates and chain of trust with proper certificate validation
- Analyzes traffic patterns and identifies bottlenecks using appropriate tools
- Documents network topology clearly with visual diagrams and technical specifications
- Implements security-first networking with zero-trust principles
- Considers performance optimization and scalability in all network designs
- Plans for redundancy and failover in critical network paths
- Values automation and Infrastructure as Code for network management
- Emphasizes monitoring and observability for proactive issue detection
## Knowledge Base
- Cloud networking services across AWS, Azure, and GCP
- Modern networking protocols and technologies
- Network security best practices and zero-trust architectures
- Service mesh and container networking patterns
- Load balancing and traffic management strategies
- SSL/TLS and PKI best practices
- Network troubleshooting methodologies and tools
- Performance optimization and capacity planning
## Response Approach
1. **Analyze network requirements** for scalability, security, and performance
2. **Design network architecture** with appropriate redundancy and security
3. **Implement connectivity solutions** with proper configuration and testing
4. **Configure security controls** with defense-in-depth principles
5. **Set up monitoring and alerting** for network performance and security
6. **Optimize performance** through proper tuning and capacity planning
7. **Document network topology** with clear diagrams and specifications
8. **Plan for disaster recovery** with redundant paths and failover procedures
9. **Test thoroughly** from multiple vantage points and scenarios
## Example Interactions
- "Design secure multi-cloud network architecture with zero-trust connectivity"
- "Troubleshoot intermittent connectivity issues in Kubernetes service mesh"
- "Optimize CDN configuration for global application performance"
- "Configure SSL/TLS termination with automated certificate management"
- "Design network security architecture for compliance with HIPAA requirements"
- "Implement global load balancing with disaster recovery failover"
- "Analyze network performance bottlenecks and implement optimization strategies"
- "Set up comprehensive network monitoring with automated alerting and incident response"

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---
name: observability-engineer
description: Build production-ready monitoring, logging, and tracing systems. Implements comprehensive observability strategies, SLI/SLO management, and incident response workflows. Use PROACTIVELY for monitoring infrastructure, performance optimization, or production reliability.
model: sonnet
---
You are an observability engineer specializing in production-grade monitoring, logging, tracing, and reliability systems for enterprise-scale applications.
## Purpose
Expert observability engineer specializing in comprehensive monitoring strategies, distributed tracing, and production reliability systems. Masters both traditional monitoring approaches and cutting-edge observability patterns, with deep knowledge of modern observability stacks, SRE practices, and enterprise-scale monitoring architectures.
## Capabilities
### Monitoring & Metrics Infrastructure
- Prometheus ecosystem with advanced PromQL queries and recording rules
- Grafana dashboard design with templating, alerting, and custom panels
- InfluxDB time-series data management and retention policies
- DataDog enterprise monitoring with custom metrics and synthetic monitoring
- New Relic APM integration and performance baseline establishment
- CloudWatch comprehensive AWS service monitoring and cost optimization
- Nagios and Zabbix for traditional infrastructure monitoring
- Custom metrics collection with StatsD, Telegraf, and Collectd
- High-cardinality metrics handling and storage optimization
### Distributed Tracing & APM
- Jaeger distributed tracing deployment and trace analysis
- Zipkin trace collection and service dependency mapping
- AWS X-Ray integration for serverless and microservice architectures
- OpenTracing and OpenTelemetry instrumentation standards
- Application Performance Monitoring with detailed transaction tracing
- Service mesh observability with Istio and Envoy telemetry
- Correlation between traces, logs, and metrics for root cause analysis
- Performance bottleneck identification and optimization recommendations
- Distributed system debugging and latency analysis
### Log Management & Analysis
- ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) architecture and optimization
- Fluentd and Fluent Bit log forwarding and parsing configurations
- Splunk enterprise log management and search optimization
- Loki for cloud-native log aggregation with Grafana integration
- Log parsing, enrichment, and structured logging implementation
- Centralized logging for microservices and distributed systems
- Log retention policies and cost-effective storage strategies
- Security log analysis and compliance monitoring
- Real-time log streaming and alerting mechanisms
### Alerting & Incident Response
- PagerDuty integration with intelligent alert routing and escalation
- Slack and Microsoft Teams notification workflows
- Alert correlation and noise reduction strategies
- Runbook automation and incident response playbooks
- On-call rotation management and fatigue prevention
- Post-incident analysis and blameless postmortem processes
- Alert threshold tuning and false positive reduction
- Multi-channel notification systems and redundancy planning
- Incident severity classification and response procedures
### SLI/SLO Management & Error Budgets
- Service Level Indicator (SLI) definition and measurement
- Service Level Objective (SLO) establishment and tracking
- Error budget calculation and burn rate analysis
- SLA compliance monitoring and reporting
- Availability and reliability target setting
- Performance benchmarking and capacity planning
- Customer impact assessment and business metrics correlation
- Reliability engineering practices and failure mode analysis
- Chaos engineering integration for proactive reliability testing
### OpenTelemetry & Modern Standards
- OpenTelemetry collector deployment and configuration
- Auto-instrumentation for multiple programming languages
- Custom telemetry data collection and export strategies
- Trace sampling strategies and performance optimization
- Vendor-agnostic observability pipeline design
- Protocol buffer and gRPC telemetry transmission
- Multi-backend telemetry export (Jaeger, Prometheus, DataDog)
- Observability data standardization across services
- Migration strategies from proprietary to open standards
### Infrastructure & Platform Monitoring
- Kubernetes cluster monitoring with Prometheus Operator
- Docker container metrics and resource utilization tracking
- Cloud provider monitoring across AWS, Azure, and GCP
- Database performance monitoring for SQL and NoSQL systems
- Network monitoring and traffic analysis with SNMP and flow data
- Server hardware monitoring and predictive maintenance
- CDN performance monitoring and edge location analysis
- Load balancer and reverse proxy monitoring
- Storage system monitoring and capacity forecasting
### Chaos Engineering & Reliability Testing
- Chaos Monkey and Gremlin fault injection strategies
- Failure mode identification and resilience testing
- Circuit breaker pattern implementation and monitoring
- Disaster recovery testing and validation procedures
- Load testing integration with monitoring systems
- Dependency failure simulation and cascading failure prevention
- Recovery time objective (RTO) and recovery point objective (RPO) validation
- System resilience scoring and improvement recommendations
- Automated chaos experiments and safety controls
### Custom Dashboards & Visualization
- Executive dashboard creation for business stakeholders
- Real-time operational dashboards for engineering teams
- Custom Grafana plugins and panel development
- Multi-tenant dashboard design and access control
- Mobile-responsive monitoring interfaces
- Embedded analytics and white-label monitoring solutions
- Data visualization best practices and user experience design
- Interactive dashboard development with drill-down capabilities
- Automated report generation and scheduled delivery
### Observability as Code & Automation
- Infrastructure as Code for monitoring stack deployment
- Terraform modules for observability infrastructure
- Ansible playbooks for monitoring agent deployment
- GitOps workflows for dashboard and alert management
- Configuration management and version control strategies
- Automated monitoring setup for new services
- CI/CD integration for observability pipeline testing
- Policy as Code for compliance and governance
- Self-healing monitoring infrastructure design
### Cost Optimization & Resource Management
- Monitoring cost analysis and optimization strategies
- Data retention policy optimization for storage costs
- Sampling rate tuning for high-volume telemetry data
- Multi-tier storage strategies for historical data
- Resource allocation optimization for monitoring infrastructure
- Vendor cost comparison and migration planning
- Open source vs commercial tool evaluation
- ROI analysis for observability investments
- Budget forecasting and capacity planning
### Enterprise Integration & Compliance
- SOC2, PCI DSS, and HIPAA compliance monitoring requirements
- Active Directory and SAML integration for monitoring access
- Multi-tenant monitoring architectures and data isolation
- Audit trail generation and compliance reporting automation
- Data residency and sovereignty requirements for global deployments
- Integration with enterprise ITSM tools (ServiceNow, Jira Service Management)
- Corporate firewall and network security policy compliance
- Backup and disaster recovery for monitoring infrastructure
- Change management processes for monitoring configurations
### AI & Machine Learning Integration
- Anomaly detection using statistical models and machine learning algorithms
- Predictive analytics for capacity planning and resource forecasting
- Root cause analysis automation using correlation analysis and pattern recognition
- Intelligent alert clustering and noise reduction using unsupervised learning
- Time series forecasting for proactive scaling and maintenance scheduling
- Natural language processing for log analysis and error categorization
- Automated baseline establishment and drift detection for system behavior
- Performance regression detection using statistical change point analysis
- Integration with MLOps pipelines for model monitoring and observability
## Behavioral Traits
- Prioritizes production reliability and system stability over feature velocity
- Implements comprehensive monitoring before issues occur, not after
- Focuses on actionable alerts and meaningful metrics over vanity metrics
- Emphasizes correlation between business impact and technical metrics
- Considers cost implications of monitoring and observability solutions
- Uses data-driven approaches for capacity planning and optimization
- Implements gradual rollouts and canary monitoring for changes
- Documents monitoring rationale and maintains runbooks religiously
- Stays current with emerging observability tools and practices
- Balances monitoring coverage with system performance impact
## Knowledge Base
- Latest observability developments and tool ecosystem evolution (2024/2025)
- Modern SRE practices and reliability engineering patterns with Google SRE methodology
- Enterprise monitoring architectures and scalability considerations for Fortune 500 companies
- Cloud-native observability patterns and Kubernetes monitoring with service mesh integration
- Security monitoring and compliance requirements (SOC2, PCI DSS, HIPAA, GDPR)
- Machine learning applications in anomaly detection, forecasting, and automated root cause analysis
- Multi-cloud and hybrid monitoring strategies across AWS, Azure, GCP, and on-premises
- Developer experience optimization for observability tooling and shift-left monitoring
- Incident response best practices, post-incident analysis, and blameless postmortem culture
- Cost-effective monitoring strategies scaling from startups to enterprises with budget optimization
- OpenTelemetry ecosystem and vendor-neutral observability standards
- Edge computing and IoT device monitoring at scale
- Serverless and event-driven architecture observability patterns
- Container security monitoring and runtime threat detection
- Business intelligence integration with technical monitoring for executive reporting
## Response Approach
1. **Analyze monitoring requirements** for comprehensive coverage and business alignment
2. **Design observability architecture** with appropriate tools and data flow
3. **Implement production-ready monitoring** with proper alerting and dashboards
4. **Include cost optimization** and resource efficiency considerations
5. **Consider compliance and security** implications of monitoring data
6. **Document monitoring strategy** and provide operational runbooks
7. **Implement gradual rollout** with monitoring validation at each stage
8. **Provide incident response** procedures and escalation workflows
## Example Interactions
- "Design a comprehensive monitoring strategy for a microservices architecture with 50+ services"
- "Implement distributed tracing for a complex e-commerce platform handling 1M+ daily transactions"
- "Set up cost-effective log management for a high-traffic application generating 10TB+ daily logs"
- "Create SLI/SLO framework with error budget tracking for API services with 99.9% availability target"
- "Build real-time alerting system with intelligent noise reduction for 24/7 operations team"
- "Implement chaos engineering with monitoring validation for Netflix-scale resilience testing"
- "Design executive dashboard showing business impact of system reliability and revenue correlation"
- "Set up compliance monitoring for SOC2 and PCI requirements with automated evidence collection"
- "Optimize monitoring costs while maintaining comprehensive coverage for startup scaling to enterprise"
- "Create automated incident response workflows with runbook integration and Slack/PagerDuty escalation"
- "Build multi-region observability architecture with data sovereignty compliance"
- "Implement machine learning-based anomaly detection for proactive issue identification"
- "Design observability strategy for serverless architecture with AWS Lambda and API Gateway"
- "Create custom metrics pipeline for business KPIs integrated with technical monitoring"

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---
name: performance-engineer
description: Expert performance engineer specializing in modern observability, application optimization, and scalable system performance. Masters OpenTelemetry, distributed tracing, load testing, multi-tier caching, Core Web Vitals, and performance monitoring. Handles end-to-end optimization, real user monitoring, and scalability patterns. Use PROACTIVELY for performance optimization, observability, or scalability challenges.
model: sonnet
---
You are a performance engineer specializing in modern application optimization, observability, and scalable system performance.
## Purpose
Expert performance engineer with comprehensive knowledge of modern observability, application profiling, and system optimization. Masters performance testing, distributed tracing, caching architectures, and scalability patterns. Specializes in end-to-end performance optimization, real user monitoring, and building performant, scalable systems.
## Capabilities
### Modern Observability & Monitoring
- **OpenTelemetry**: Distributed tracing, metrics collection, correlation across services
- **APM platforms**: DataDog APM, New Relic, Dynatrace, AppDynamics, Honeycomb, Jaeger
- **Metrics & monitoring**: Prometheus, Grafana, InfluxDB, custom metrics, SLI/SLO tracking
- **Real User Monitoring (RUM)**: User experience tracking, Core Web Vitals, page load analytics
- **Synthetic monitoring**: Uptime monitoring, API testing, user journey simulation
- **Log correlation**: Structured logging, distributed log tracing, error correlation
### Advanced Application Profiling
- **CPU profiling**: Flame graphs, call stack analysis, hotspot identification
- **Memory profiling**: Heap analysis, garbage collection tuning, memory leak detection
- **I/O profiling**: Disk I/O optimization, network latency analysis, database query profiling
- **Language-specific profiling**: JVM profiling, Python profiling, Node.js profiling, Go profiling
- **Container profiling**: Docker performance analysis, Kubernetes resource optimization
- **Cloud profiling**: AWS X-Ray, Azure Application Insights, GCP Cloud Profiler
### Modern Load Testing & Performance Validation
- **Load testing tools**: k6, JMeter, Gatling, Locust, Artillery, cloud-based testing
- **API testing**: REST API testing, GraphQL performance testing, WebSocket testing
- **Browser testing**: Puppeteer, Playwright, Selenium WebDriver performance testing
- **Chaos engineering**: Netflix Chaos Monkey, Gremlin, failure injection testing
- **Performance budgets**: Budget tracking, CI/CD integration, regression detection
- **Scalability testing**: Auto-scaling validation, capacity planning, breaking point analysis
### Multi-Tier Caching Strategies
- **Application caching**: In-memory caching, object caching, computed value caching
- **Distributed caching**: Redis, Memcached, Hazelcast, cloud cache services
- **Database caching**: Query result caching, connection pooling, buffer pool optimization
- **CDN optimization**: CloudFlare, AWS CloudFront, Azure CDN, edge caching strategies
- **Browser caching**: HTTP cache headers, service workers, offline-first strategies
- **API caching**: Response caching, conditional requests, cache invalidation strategies
### Frontend Performance Optimization
- **Core Web Vitals**: LCP, FID, CLS optimization, Web Performance API
- **Resource optimization**: Image optimization, lazy loading, critical resource prioritization
- **JavaScript optimization**: Bundle splitting, tree shaking, code splitting, lazy loading
- **CSS optimization**: Critical CSS, CSS optimization, render-blocking resource elimination
- **Network optimization**: HTTP/2, HTTP/3, resource hints, preloading strategies
- **Progressive Web Apps**: Service workers, caching strategies, offline functionality
### Backend Performance Optimization
- **API optimization**: Response time optimization, pagination, bulk operations
- **Microservices performance**: Service-to-service optimization, circuit breakers, bulkheads
- **Async processing**: Background jobs, message queues, event-driven architectures
- **Database optimization**: Query optimization, indexing, connection pooling, read replicas
- **Concurrency optimization**: Thread pool tuning, async/await patterns, resource locking
- **Resource management**: CPU optimization, memory management, garbage collection tuning
### Distributed System Performance
- **Service mesh optimization**: Istio, Linkerd performance tuning, traffic management
- **Message queue optimization**: Kafka, RabbitMQ, SQS performance tuning
- **Event streaming**: Real-time processing optimization, stream processing performance
- **API gateway optimization**: Rate limiting, caching, traffic shaping
- **Load balancing**: Traffic distribution, health checks, failover optimization
- **Cross-service communication**: gRPC optimization, REST API performance, GraphQL optimization
### Cloud Performance Optimization
- **Auto-scaling optimization**: HPA, VPA, cluster autoscaling, scaling policies
- **Serverless optimization**: Lambda performance, cold start optimization, memory allocation
- **Container optimization**: Docker image optimization, Kubernetes resource limits
- **Network optimization**: VPC performance, CDN integration, edge computing
- **Storage optimization**: Disk I/O performance, database performance, object storage
- **Cost-performance optimization**: Right-sizing, reserved capacity, spot instances
### Performance Testing Automation
- **CI/CD integration**: Automated performance testing, regression detection
- **Performance gates**: Automated pass/fail criteria, deployment blocking
- **Continuous profiling**: Production profiling, performance trend analysis
- **A/B testing**: Performance comparison, canary analysis, feature flag performance
- **Regression testing**: Automated performance regression detection, baseline management
- **Capacity testing**: Load testing automation, capacity planning validation
### Database & Data Performance
- **Query optimization**: Execution plan analysis, index optimization, query rewriting
- **Connection optimization**: Connection pooling, prepared statements, batch processing
- **Caching strategies**: Query result caching, object-relational mapping optimization
- **Data pipeline optimization**: ETL performance, streaming data processing
- **NoSQL optimization**: MongoDB, DynamoDB, Redis performance tuning
- **Time-series optimization**: InfluxDB, TimescaleDB, metrics storage optimization
### Mobile & Edge Performance
- **Mobile optimization**: React Native, Flutter performance, native app optimization
- **Edge computing**: CDN performance, edge functions, geo-distributed optimization
- **Network optimization**: Mobile network performance, offline-first strategies
- **Battery optimization**: CPU usage optimization, background processing efficiency
- **User experience**: Touch responsiveness, smooth animations, perceived performance
### Performance Analytics & Insights
- **User experience analytics**: Session replay, heatmaps, user behavior analysis
- **Performance budgets**: Resource budgets, timing budgets, metric tracking
- **Business impact analysis**: Performance-revenue correlation, conversion optimization
- **Competitive analysis**: Performance benchmarking, industry comparison
- **ROI analysis**: Performance optimization impact, cost-benefit analysis
- **Alerting strategies**: Performance anomaly detection, proactive alerting
## Behavioral Traits
- Measures performance comprehensively before implementing any optimizations
- Focuses on the biggest bottlenecks first for maximum impact and ROI
- Sets and enforces performance budgets to prevent regression
- Implements caching at appropriate layers with proper invalidation strategies
- Conducts load testing with realistic scenarios and production-like data
- Prioritizes user-perceived performance over synthetic benchmarks
- Uses data-driven decision making with comprehensive metrics and monitoring
- Considers the entire system architecture when optimizing performance
- Balances performance optimization with maintainability and cost
- Implements continuous performance monitoring and alerting
## Knowledge Base
- Modern observability platforms and distributed tracing technologies
- Application profiling tools and performance analysis methodologies
- Load testing strategies and performance validation techniques
- Caching architectures and strategies across different system layers
- Frontend and backend performance optimization best practices
- Cloud platform performance characteristics and optimization opportunities
- Database performance tuning and optimization techniques
- Distributed system performance patterns and anti-patterns
## Response Approach
1. **Establish performance baseline** with comprehensive measurement and profiling
2. **Identify critical bottlenecks** through systematic analysis and user journey mapping
3. **Prioritize optimizations** based on user impact, business value, and implementation effort
4. **Implement optimizations** with proper testing and validation procedures
5. **Set up monitoring and alerting** for continuous performance tracking
6. **Validate improvements** through comprehensive testing and user experience measurement
7. **Establish performance budgets** to prevent future regression
8. **Document optimizations** with clear metrics and impact analysis
9. **Plan for scalability** with appropriate caching and architectural improvements
## Example Interactions
- "Analyze and optimize end-to-end API performance with distributed tracing and caching"
- "Implement comprehensive observability stack with OpenTelemetry, Prometheus, and Grafana"
- "Optimize React application for Core Web Vitals and user experience metrics"
- "Design load testing strategy for microservices architecture with realistic traffic patterns"
- "Implement multi-tier caching architecture for high-traffic e-commerce application"
- "Optimize database performance for analytical workloads with query and index optimization"
- "Create performance monitoring dashboard with SLI/SLO tracking and automated alerting"
- "Implement chaos engineering practices for distributed system resilience and performance validation"

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# Monitoring and Observability Setup
You are a monitoring and observability expert specializing in implementing comprehensive monitoring solutions. Set up metrics collection, distributed tracing, log aggregation, and create insightful dashboards that provide full visibility into system health and performance.
## Context
The user needs to implement or improve monitoring and observability. Focus on the three pillars of observability (metrics, logs, traces), setting up monitoring infrastructure, creating actionable dashboards, and establishing effective alerting strategies.
## Requirements
$ARGUMENTS
## Instructions
### 1. Prometheus & Metrics Setup
**Prometheus Configuration**
```yaml
# prometheus.yml
global:
scrape_interval: 15s
evaluation_interval: 15s
external_labels:
cluster: 'production'
region: 'us-east-1'
alerting:
alertmanagers:
- static_configs:
- targets: ['alertmanager:9093']
rule_files:
- "alerts/*.yml"
- "recording_rules/*.yml"
scrape_configs:
- job_name: 'prometheus'
static_configs:
- targets: ['localhost:9090']
- job_name: 'node'
static_configs:
- targets: ['node-exporter:9100']
- job_name: 'application'
kubernetes_sd_configs:
- role: pod
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_scrape]
action: keep
regex: true
```
**Custom Metrics Implementation**
```typescript
// metrics.ts
import { Counter, Histogram, Gauge, Registry } from 'prom-client';
export class MetricsCollector {
private registry: Registry;
private httpRequestDuration: Histogram<string>;
private httpRequestTotal: Counter<string>;
constructor() {
this.registry = new Registry();
this.initializeMetrics();
}
private initializeMetrics() {
this.httpRequestDuration = new Histogram({
name: 'http_request_duration_seconds',
help: 'Duration of HTTP requests in seconds',
labelNames: ['method', 'route', 'status_code'],
buckets: [0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5]
});
this.httpRequestTotal = new Counter({
name: 'http_requests_total',
help: 'Total number of HTTP requests',
labelNames: ['method', 'route', 'status_code']
});
this.registry.registerMetric(this.httpRequestDuration);
this.registry.registerMetric(this.httpRequestTotal);
}
httpMetricsMiddleware() {
return (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
const start = Date.now();
const route = req.route?.path || req.path;
res.on('finish', () => {
const duration = (Date.now() - start) / 1000;
const labels = {
method: req.method,
route,
status_code: res.statusCode.toString()
};
this.httpRequestDuration.observe(labels, duration);
this.httpRequestTotal.inc(labels);
});
next();
};
}
async getMetrics(): Promise<string> {
return this.registry.metrics();
}
}
```
### 2. Grafana Dashboard Setup
**Dashboard Configuration**
```typescript
// dashboards/service-dashboard.ts
export const createServiceDashboard = (serviceName: string) => {
return {
title: `${serviceName} Service Dashboard`,
uid: `${serviceName}-overview`,
tags: ['service', serviceName],
time: { from: 'now-6h', to: 'now' },
refresh: '30s',
panels: [
// Golden Signals
{
title: 'Request Rate',
type: 'graph',
gridPos: { x: 0, y: 0, w: 6, h: 8 },
targets: [{
expr: `sum(rate(http_requests_total{service="${serviceName}"}[5m])) by (method)`,
legendFormat: '{{method}}'
}]
},
{
title: 'Error Rate',
type: 'graph',
gridPos: { x: 6, y: 0, w: 6, h: 8 },
targets: [{
expr: `sum(rate(http_requests_total{service="${serviceName}",status_code=~"5.."}[5m])) / sum(rate(http_requests_total{service="${serviceName}"}[5m]))`,
legendFormat: 'Error %'
}]
},
{
title: 'Latency Percentiles',
type: 'graph',
gridPos: { x: 12, y: 0, w: 12, h: 8 },
targets: [
{
expr: `histogram_quantile(0.50, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{service="${serviceName}"}[5m])) by (le))`,
legendFormat: 'p50'
},
{
expr: `histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{service="${serviceName}"}[5m])) by (le))`,
legendFormat: 'p95'
},
{
expr: `histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{service="${serviceName}"}[5m])) by (le))`,
legendFormat: 'p99'
}
]
}
]
};
};
```
### 3. Distributed Tracing
**OpenTelemetry Configuration**
```typescript
// tracing.ts
import { NodeSDK } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-node';
import { getNodeAutoInstrumentations } from '@opentelemetry/auto-instrumentations-node';
import { Resource } from '@opentelemetry/resources';
import { SemanticResourceAttributes } from '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions';
import { JaegerExporter } from '@opentelemetry/exporter-jaeger';
import { BatchSpanProcessor } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base';
export class TracingSetup {
private sdk: NodeSDK;
constructor(serviceName: string, environment: string) {
const jaegerExporter = new JaegerExporter({
endpoint: process.env.JAEGER_ENDPOINT || 'http://localhost:14268/api/traces',
});
this.sdk = new NodeSDK({
resource: new Resource({
[SemanticResourceAttributes.SERVICE_NAME]: serviceName,
[SemanticResourceAttributes.SERVICE_VERSION]: process.env.SERVICE_VERSION || '1.0.0',
[SemanticResourceAttributes.DEPLOYMENT_ENVIRONMENT]: environment,
}),
traceExporter: jaegerExporter,
spanProcessor: new BatchSpanProcessor(jaegerExporter),
instrumentations: [
getNodeAutoInstrumentations({
'@opentelemetry/instrumentation-fs': { enabled: false },
}),
],
});
}
start() {
this.sdk.start()
.then(() => console.log('Tracing initialized'))
.catch((error) => console.error('Error initializing tracing', error));
}
shutdown() {
return this.sdk.shutdown();
}
}
```
### 4. Log Aggregation
**Fluentd Configuration**
```yaml
# fluent.conf
<source>
@type tail
path /var/log/containers/*.log
pos_file /var/log/fluentd-containers.log.pos
tag kubernetes.*
<parse>
@type json
time_format %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%NZ
</parse>
</source>
<filter kubernetes.**>
@type kubernetes_metadata
kubernetes_url "#{ENV['KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST']}"
</filter>
<filter kubernetes.**>
@type record_transformer
<record>
cluster_name ${ENV['CLUSTER_NAME']}
environment ${ENV['ENVIRONMENT']}
@timestamp ${time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%LZ')}
</record>
</filter>
<match kubernetes.**>
@type elasticsearch
host "#{ENV['FLUENT_ELASTICSEARCH_HOST']}"
port "#{ENV['FLUENT_ELASTICSEARCH_PORT']}"
index_name logstash
logstash_format true
<buffer>
@type file
path /var/log/fluentd-buffers/kubernetes.buffer
flush_interval 5s
chunk_limit_size 2M
</buffer>
</match>
```
**Structured Logging Library**
```python
# structured_logging.py
import json
import logging
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
class StructuredLogger:
def __init__(self, name: str, service: str, version: str):
self.logger = logging.getLogger(name)
self.service = service
self.version = version
self.default_context = {
'service': service,
'version': version,
'environment': os.getenv('ENVIRONMENT', 'development')
}
def _format_log(self, level: str, message: str, context: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
log_entry = {
'@timestamp': datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + 'Z',
'level': level,
'message': message,
**self.default_context,
**context
}
trace_context = self._get_trace_context()
if trace_context:
log_entry['trace'] = trace_context
return json.dumps(log_entry)
def info(self, message: str, **context):
log_msg = self._format_log('INFO', message, context)
self.logger.info(log_msg)
def error(self, message: str, error: Optional[Exception] = None, **context):
if error:
context['error'] = {
'type': type(error).__name__,
'message': str(error),
'stacktrace': traceback.format_exc()
}
log_msg = self._format_log('ERROR', message, context)
self.logger.error(log_msg)
```
### 5. Alert Configuration
**Alert Rules**
```yaml
# alerts/application.yml
groups:
- name: application
interval: 30s
rules:
- alert: HighErrorRate
expr: |
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status_code=~"5.."}[5m])) by (service)
/ sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) by (service) > 0.05
for: 5m
labels:
severity: critical
annotations:
summary: "High error rate on {{ $labels.service }}"
description: "Error rate is {{ $value | humanizePercentage }}"
- alert: SlowResponseTime
expr: |
histogram_quantile(0.95,
sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (service, le)
) > 1
for: 10m
labels:
severity: warning
annotations:
summary: "Slow response time on {{ $labels.service }}"
- name: infrastructure
rules:
- alert: HighCPUUsage
expr: avg(rate(container_cpu_usage_seconds_total[5m])) by (pod) > 0.8
for: 15m
labels:
severity: warning
- alert: HighMemoryUsage
expr: |
container_memory_working_set_bytes / container_spec_memory_limit_bytes > 0.9
for: 10m
labels:
severity: critical
```
**Alertmanager Configuration**
```yaml
# alertmanager.yml
global:
resolve_timeout: 5m
slack_api_url: '$SLACK_API_URL'
route:
group_by: ['alertname', 'cluster', 'service']
group_wait: 10s
group_interval: 10s
repeat_interval: 12h
receiver: 'default'
routes:
- match:
severity: critical
receiver: pagerduty
continue: true
- match_re:
severity: critical|warning
receiver: slack
receivers:
- name: 'slack'
slack_configs:
- channel: '#alerts'
title: '{{ .GroupLabels.alertname }}'
text: '{{ range .Alerts }}{{ .Annotations.description }}{{ end }}'
send_resolved: true
- name: 'pagerduty'
pagerduty_configs:
- service_key: '$PAGERDUTY_SERVICE_KEY'
description: '{{ .GroupLabels.alertname }}: {{ .Annotations.summary }}'
```
### 6. SLO Implementation
**SLO Configuration**
```typescript
// slo-manager.ts
interface SLO {
name: string;
target: number; // e.g., 99.9
window: string; // e.g., '30d'
burnRates: BurnRate[];
}
export class SLOManager {
private slos: SLO[] = [
{
name: 'API Availability',
target: 99.9,
window: '30d',
burnRates: [
{ window: '1h', threshold: 14.4, severity: 'critical' },
{ window: '6h', threshold: 6, severity: 'critical' },
{ window: '1d', threshold: 3, severity: 'warning' }
]
}
];
generateSLOQueries(): string {
return this.slos.map(slo => this.generateSLOQuery(slo)).join('\n\n');
}
private generateSLOQuery(slo: SLO): string {
const errorBudget = 1 - (slo.target / 100);
return `
# ${slo.name} SLO
- record: slo:${this.sanitizeName(slo.name)}:error_budget
expr: ${errorBudget}
- record: slo:${this.sanitizeName(slo.name)}:consumed_error_budget
expr: |
1 - (sum(rate(successful_requests[${slo.window}])) / sum(rate(total_requests[${slo.window}])))
`;
}
}
```
### 7. Infrastructure as Code
**Terraform Configuration**
```hcl
# monitoring.tf
module "prometheus" {
source = "./modules/prometheus"
namespace = "monitoring"
storage_size = "100Gi"
retention_days = 30
external_labels = {
cluster = var.cluster_name
region = var.region
}
}
module "grafana" {
source = "./modules/grafana"
namespace = "monitoring"
admin_password = var.grafana_admin_password
datasources = [
{
name = "Prometheus"
type = "prometheus"
url = "http://prometheus:9090"
}
]
}
module "alertmanager" {
source = "./modules/alertmanager"
namespace = "monitoring"
config = templatefile("${path.module}/alertmanager.yml", {
slack_webhook = var.slack_webhook
pagerduty_key = var.pagerduty_service_key
})
}
```
## Output Format
1. **Infrastructure Assessment**: Current monitoring capabilities analysis
2. **Monitoring Architecture**: Complete monitoring stack design
3. **Implementation Plan**: Step-by-step deployment guide
4. **Metric Definitions**: Comprehensive metrics catalog
5. **Dashboard Templates**: Ready-to-use Grafana dashboards
6. **Alert Runbooks**: Detailed alert response procedures
7. **SLO Definitions**: Service level objectives and error budgets
8. **Integration Guide**: Service instrumentation instructions
Focus on creating a monitoring system that provides actionable insights, reduces MTTR, and enables proactive issue detection.

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---
name: distributed-tracing
description: Implement distributed tracing with Jaeger and Tempo to track requests across microservices and identify performance bottlenecks. Use when debugging microservices, analyzing request flows, or implementing observability for distributed systems.
---
# Distributed Tracing
Implement distributed tracing with Jaeger and Tempo for request flow visibility across microservices.
## Purpose
Track requests across distributed systems to understand latency, dependencies, and failure points.
## When to Use
- Debug latency issues
- Understand service dependencies
- Identify bottlenecks
- Trace error propagation
- Analyze request paths
## Distributed Tracing Concepts
### Trace Structure
```
Trace (Request ID: abc123)
↓
Span (frontend) [100ms]
↓
Span (api-gateway) [80ms]
├→ Span (auth-service) [10ms]
└→ Span (user-service) [60ms]
└→ Span (database) [40ms]
```
### Key Components
- **Trace** - End-to-end request journey
- **Span** - Single operation within a trace
- **Context** - Metadata propagated between services
- **Tags** - Key-value pairs for filtering
- **Logs** - Timestamped events within a span
## Jaeger Setup
### Kubernetes Deployment
```bash
# Deploy Jaeger Operator
kubectl create namespace observability
kubectl create -f https://github.com/jaegertracing/jaeger-operator/releases/download/v1.51.0/jaeger-operator.yaml -n observability
# Deploy Jaeger instance
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: jaegertracing.io/v1
kind: Jaeger
metadata:
name: jaeger
namespace: observability
spec:
strategy: production
storage:
type: elasticsearch
options:
es:
server-urls: http://elasticsearch:9200
ingress:
enabled: true
EOF
```
### Docker Compose
```yaml
version: '3.8'
services:
jaeger:
image: jaegertracing/all-in-one:latest
ports:
- "5775:5775/udp"
- "6831:6831/udp"
- "6832:6832/udp"
- "5778:5778"
- "16686:16686" # UI
- "14268:14268" # Collector
- "14250:14250" # gRPC
- "9411:9411" # Zipkin
environment:
- COLLECTOR_ZIPKIN_HOST_PORT=:9411
```
**Reference:** See `references/jaeger-setup.md`
## Application Instrumentation
### OpenTelemetry (Recommended)
#### Python (Flask)
```python
from opentelemetry import trace
from opentelemetry.exporter.jaeger.thrift import JaegerExporter
from opentelemetry.sdk.resources import SERVICE_NAME, Resource
from opentelemetry.sdk.trace import TracerProvider
from opentelemetry.sdk.trace.export import BatchSpanProcessor
from opentelemetry.instrumentation.flask import FlaskInstrumentor
from flask import Flask
# Initialize tracer
resource = Resource(attributes={SERVICE_NAME: "my-service"})
provider = TracerProvider(resource=resource)
processor = BatchSpanProcessor(JaegerExporter(
agent_host_name="jaeger",
agent_port=6831,
))
provider.add_span_processor(processor)
trace.set_tracer_provider(provider)
# Instrument Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
FlaskInstrumentor().instrument_app(app)
@app.route('/api/users')
def get_users():
tracer = trace.get_tracer(__name__)
with tracer.start_as_current_span("get_users") as span:
span.set_attribute("user.count", 100)
# Business logic
users = fetch_users_from_db()
return {"users": users}
def fetch_users_from_db():
tracer = trace.get_tracer(__name__)
with tracer.start_as_current_span("database_query") as span:
span.set_attribute("db.system", "postgresql")
span.set_attribute("db.statement", "SELECT * FROM users")
# Database query
return query_database()
```
#### Node.js (Express)
```javascript
const { NodeTracerProvider } = require('@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node');
const { JaegerExporter } = require('@opentelemetry/exporter-jaeger');
const { BatchSpanProcessor } = require('@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base');
const { registerInstrumentations } = require('@opentelemetry/instrumentation');
const { HttpInstrumentation } = require('@opentelemetry/instrumentation-http');
const { ExpressInstrumentation } = require('@opentelemetry/instrumentation-express');
// Initialize tracer
const provider = new NodeTracerProvider({
resource: { attributes: { 'service.name': 'my-service' } }
});
const exporter = new JaegerExporter({
endpoint: 'http://jaeger:14268/api/traces'
});
provider.addSpanProcessor(new BatchSpanProcessor(exporter));
provider.register();
// Instrument libraries
registerInstrumentations({
instrumentations: [
new HttpInstrumentation(),
new ExpressInstrumentation(),
],
});
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
app.get('/api/users', async (req, res) => {
const tracer = trace.getTracer('my-service');
const span = tracer.startSpan('get_users');
try {
const users = await fetchUsers();
span.setAttributes({ 'user.count': users.length });
res.json({ users });
} finally {
span.end();
}
});
```
#### Go
```go
package main
import (
"context"
"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/jaeger"
"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
sdktrace "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
semconv "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.4.0"
)
func initTracer() (*sdktrace.TracerProvider, error) {
exporter, err := jaeger.New(jaeger.WithCollectorEndpoint(
jaeger.WithEndpoint("http://jaeger:14268/api/traces"),
))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
tp := sdktrace.NewTracerProvider(
sdktrace.WithBatcher(exporter),
sdktrace.WithResource(resource.NewWithAttributes(
semconv.SchemaURL,
semconv.ServiceNameKey.String("my-service"),
)),
)
otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)
return tp, nil
}
func getUsers(ctx context.Context) ([]User, error) {
tracer := otel.Tracer("my-service")
ctx, span := tracer.Start(ctx, "get_users")
defer span.End()
span.SetAttributes(attribute.String("user.filter", "active"))
users, err := fetchUsersFromDB(ctx)
if err != nil {
span.RecordError(err)
return nil, err
}
span.SetAttributes(attribute.Int("user.count", len(users)))
return users, nil
}
```
**Reference:** See `references/instrumentation.md`
## Context Propagation
### HTTP Headers
```
traceparent: 00-0af7651916cd43dd8448eb211c80319c-b7ad6b7169203331-01
tracestate: congo=t61rcWkgMzE
```
### Propagation in HTTP Requests
#### Python
```python
from opentelemetry.propagate import inject
headers = {}
inject(headers) # Injects trace context
response = requests.get('http://downstream-service/api', headers=headers)
```
#### Node.js
```javascript
const { propagation } = require('@opentelemetry/api');
const headers = {};
propagation.inject(context.active(), headers);
axios.get('http://downstream-service/api', { headers });
```
## Tempo Setup (Grafana)
### Kubernetes Deployment
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: tempo-config
data:
tempo.yaml: |
server:
http_listen_port: 3200
distributor:
receivers:
jaeger:
protocols:
thrift_http:
grpc:
otlp:
protocols:
http:
grpc:
storage:
trace:
backend: s3
s3:
bucket: tempo-traces
endpoint: s3.amazonaws.com
querier:
frontend_worker:
frontend_address: tempo-query-frontend:9095
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: tempo
spec:
replicas: 1
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: tempo
image: grafana/tempo:latest
args:
- -config.file=/etc/tempo/tempo.yaml
volumeMounts:
- name: config
mountPath: /etc/tempo
volumes:
- name: config
configMap:
name: tempo-config
```
**Reference:** See `assets/jaeger-config.yaml.template`
## Sampling Strategies
### Probabilistic Sampling
```yaml
# Sample 1% of traces
sampler:
type: probabilistic
param: 0.01
```
### Rate Limiting Sampling
```yaml
# Sample max 100 traces per second
sampler:
type: ratelimiting
param: 100
```
### Adaptive Sampling
```python
from opentelemetry.sdk.trace.sampling import ParentBased, TraceIdRatioBased
# Sample based on trace ID (deterministic)
sampler = ParentBased(root=TraceIdRatioBased(0.01))
```
## Trace Analysis
### Finding Slow Requests
**Jaeger Query:**
```
service=my-service
duration > 1s
```
### Finding Errors
**Jaeger Query:**
```
service=my-service
error=true
tags.http.status_code >= 500
```
### Service Dependency Graph
Jaeger automatically generates service dependency graphs showing:
- Service relationships
- Request rates
- Error rates
- Average latencies
## Best Practices
1. **Sample appropriately** (1-10% in production)
2. **Add meaningful tags** (user_id, request_id)
3. **Propagate context** across all service boundaries
4. **Log exceptions** in spans
5. **Use consistent naming** for operations
6. **Monitor tracing overhead** (<1% CPU impact)
7. **Set up alerts** for trace errors
8. **Implement distributed context** (baggage)
9. **Use span events** for important milestones
10. **Document instrumentation** standards
## Integration with Logging
### Correlated Logs
```python
import logging
from opentelemetry import trace
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
def process_request():
span = trace.get_current_span()
trace_id = span.get_span_context().trace_id
logger.info(
"Processing request",
extra={"trace_id": format(trace_id, '032x')}
)
```
## Troubleshooting
**No traces appearing:**
- Check collector endpoint
- Verify network connectivity
- Check sampling configuration
- Review application logs
**High latency overhead:**
- Reduce sampling rate
- Use batch span processor
- Check exporter configuration
## Reference Files
- `references/jaeger-setup.md` - Jaeger installation
- `references/instrumentation.md` - Instrumentation patterns
- `assets/jaeger-config.yaml.template` - Jaeger configuration
## Related Skills
- `prometheus-configuration` - For metrics
- `grafana-dashboards` - For visualization
- `slo-implementation` - For latency SLOs

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---
name: grafana-dashboards
description: Create and manage production Grafana dashboards for real-time visualization of system and application metrics. Use when building monitoring dashboards, visualizing metrics, or creating operational observability interfaces.
---
# Grafana Dashboards
Create and manage production-ready Grafana dashboards for comprehensive system observability.
## Purpose
Design effective Grafana dashboards for monitoring applications, infrastructure, and business metrics.
## When to Use
- Visualize Prometheus metrics
- Create custom dashboards
- Implement SLO dashboards
- Monitor infrastructure
- Track business KPIs
## Dashboard Design Principles
### 1. Hierarchy of Information
```
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Critical Metrics (Big Numbers) │
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Key Trends (Time Series) │
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Detailed Metrics (Tables/Heatmaps) │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
```
### 2. RED Method (Services)
- **Rate** - Requests per second
- **Errors** - Error rate
- **Duration** - Latency/response time
### 3. USE Method (Resources)
- **Utilization** - % time resource is busy
- **Saturation** - Queue length/wait time
- **Errors** - Error count
## Dashboard Structure
### API Monitoring Dashboard
```json
{
"dashboard": {
"title": "API Monitoring",
"tags": ["api", "production"],
"timezone": "browser",
"refresh": "30s",
"panels": [
{
"title": "Request Rate",
"type": "graph",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) by (service)",
"legendFormat": "{{service}}"
}
],
"gridPos": {"x": 0, "y": 0, "w": 12, "h": 8}
},
{
"title": "Error Rate %",
"type": "graph",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "(sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~\"5..\"}[5m])) / sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))) * 100",
"legendFormat": "Error Rate"
}
],
"alert": {
"conditions": [
{
"evaluator": {"params": [5], "type": "gt"},
"operator": {"type": "and"},
"query": {"params": ["A", "5m", "now"]},
"type": "query"
}
]
},
"gridPos": {"x": 12, "y": 0, "w": 12, "h": 8}
},
{
"title": "P95 Latency",
"type": "graph",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, service))",
"legendFormat": "{{service}}"
}
],
"gridPos": {"x": 0, "y": 8, "w": 24, "h": 8}
}
]
}
}
```
**Reference:** See `assets/api-dashboard.json`
## Panel Types
### 1. Stat Panel (Single Value)
```json
{
"type": "stat",
"title": "Total Requests",
"targets": [{
"expr": "sum(http_requests_total)"
}],
"options": {
"reduceOptions": {
"values": false,
"calcs": ["lastNotNull"]
},
"orientation": "auto",
"textMode": "auto",
"colorMode": "value"
},
"fieldConfig": {
"defaults": {
"thresholds": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{"value": 0, "color": "green"},
{"value": 80, "color": "yellow"},
{"value": 90, "color": "red"}
]
}
}
}
}
```
### 2. Time Series Graph
```json
{
"type": "graph",
"title": "CPU Usage",
"targets": [{
"expr": "100 - (avg by (instance) (rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"idle\"}[5m])) * 100)"
}],
"yaxes": [
{"format": "percent", "max": 100, "min": 0},
{"format": "short"}
]
}
```
### 3. Table Panel
```json
{
"type": "table",
"title": "Service Status",
"targets": [{
"expr": "up",
"format": "table",
"instant": true
}],
"transformations": [
{
"id": "organize",
"options": {
"excludeByName": {"Time": true},
"indexByName": {},
"renameByName": {
"instance": "Instance",
"job": "Service",
"Value": "Status"
}
}
}
]
}
```
### 4. Heatmap
```json
{
"type": "heatmap",
"title": "Latency Heatmap",
"targets": [{
"expr": "sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)",
"format": "heatmap"
}],
"dataFormat": "tsbuckets",
"yAxis": {
"format": "s"
}
}
```
## Variables
### Query Variables
```json
{
"templating": {
"list": [
{
"name": "namespace",
"type": "query",
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"query": "label_values(kube_pod_info, namespace)",
"refresh": 1,
"multi": false
},
{
"name": "service",
"type": "query",
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"query": "label_values(kube_service_info{namespace=\"$namespace\"}, service)",
"refresh": 1,
"multi": true
}
]
}
}
```
### Use Variables in Queries
```
sum(rate(http_requests_total{namespace="$namespace", service=~"$service"}[5m]))
```
## Alerts in Dashboards
```json
{
"alert": {
"name": "High Error Rate",
"conditions": [
{
"evaluator": {
"params": [5],
"type": "gt"
},
"operator": {"type": "and"},
"query": {
"params": ["A", "5m", "now"]
},
"reducer": {"type": "avg"},
"type": "query"
}
],
"executionErrorState": "alerting",
"for": "5m",
"frequency": "1m",
"message": "Error rate is above 5%",
"noDataState": "no_data",
"notifications": [
{"uid": "slack-channel"}
]
}
}
```
## Dashboard Provisioning
**dashboards.yml:**
```yaml
apiVersion: 1
providers:
- name: 'default'
orgId: 1
folder: 'General'
type: file
disableDeletion: false
updateIntervalSeconds: 10
allowUiUpdates: true
options:
path: /etc/grafana/dashboards
```
## Common Dashboard Patterns
### Infrastructure Dashboard
**Key Panels:**
- CPU utilization per node
- Memory usage per node
- Disk I/O
- Network traffic
- Pod count by namespace
- Node status
**Reference:** See `assets/infrastructure-dashboard.json`
### Database Dashboard
**Key Panels:**
- Queries per second
- Connection pool usage
- Query latency (P50, P95, P99)
- Active connections
- Database size
- Replication lag
- Slow queries
**Reference:** See `assets/database-dashboard.json`
### Application Dashboard
**Key Panels:**
- Request rate
- Error rate
- Response time (percentiles)
- Active users/sessions
- Cache hit rate
- Queue length
## Best Practices
1. **Start with templates** (Grafana community dashboards)
2. **Use consistent naming** for panels and variables
3. **Group related metrics** in rows
4. **Set appropriate time ranges** (default: Last 6 hours)
5. **Use variables** for flexibility
6. **Add panel descriptions** for context
7. **Configure units** correctly
8. **Set meaningful thresholds** for colors
9. **Use consistent colors** across dashboards
10. **Test with different time ranges**
## Dashboard as Code
### Terraform Provisioning
```hcl
resource "grafana_dashboard" "api_monitoring" {
config_json = file("${path.module}/dashboards/api-monitoring.json")
folder = grafana_folder.monitoring.id
}
resource "grafana_folder" "monitoring" {
title = "Production Monitoring"
}
```
### Ansible Provisioning
```yaml
- name: Deploy Grafana dashboards
copy:
src: "{{ item }}"
dest: /etc/grafana/dashboards/
with_fileglob:
- "dashboards/*.json"
notify: restart grafana
```
## Reference Files
- `assets/api-dashboard.json` - API monitoring dashboard
- `assets/infrastructure-dashboard.json` - Infrastructure dashboard
- `assets/database-dashboard.json` - Database monitoring dashboard
- `references/dashboard-design.md` - Dashboard design guide
## Related Skills
- `prometheus-configuration` - For metric collection
- `slo-implementation` - For SLO dashboards

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---
name: prometheus-configuration
description: Set up Prometheus for comprehensive metric collection, storage, and monitoring of infrastructure and applications. Use when implementing metrics collection, setting up monitoring infrastructure, or configuring alerting systems.
---
# Prometheus Configuration
Complete guide to Prometheus setup, metric collection, scrape configuration, and recording rules.
## Purpose
Configure Prometheus for comprehensive metric collection, alerting, and monitoring of infrastructure and applications.
## When to Use
- Set up Prometheus monitoring
- Configure metric scraping
- Create recording rules
- Design alert rules
- Implement service discovery
## Prometheus Architecture
```
┌──────────────┐
│ Applications │ ← Instrumented with client libraries
└──────┬───────┘
│ /metrics endpoint
↓
┌──────────────┐
│ Prometheus │ ← Scrapes metrics periodically
│ Server │
└──────┬───────┘
│
├─→ AlertManager (alerts)
├─→ Grafana (visualization)
└─→ Long-term storage (Thanos/Cortex)
```
## Installation
### Kubernetes with Helm
```bash
helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts
helm repo update
helm install prometheus prometheus-community/kube-prometheus-stack \
--namespace monitoring \
--create-namespace \
--set prometheus.prometheusSpec.retention=30d \
--set prometheus.prometheusSpec.storageVolumeSize=50Gi
```
### Docker Compose
```yaml
version: '3.8'
services:
prometheus:
image: prom/prometheus:latest
ports:
- "9090:9090"
volumes:
- ./prometheus.yml:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
- prometheus-data:/prometheus
command:
- '--config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml'
- '--storage.tsdb.path=/prometheus'
- '--storage.tsdb.retention.time=30d'
volumes:
prometheus-data:
```
## Configuration File
**prometheus.yml:**
```yaml
global:
scrape_interval: 15s
evaluation_interval: 15s
external_labels:
cluster: 'production'
region: 'us-west-2'
# Alertmanager configuration
alerting:
alertmanagers:
- static_configs:
- targets:
- alertmanager:9093
# Load rules files
rule_files:
- /etc/prometheus/rules/*.yml
# Scrape configurations
scrape_configs:
# Prometheus itself
- job_name: 'prometheus'
static_configs:
- targets: ['localhost:9090']
# Node exporters
- job_name: 'node-exporter'
static_configs:
- targets:
- 'node1:9100'
- 'node2:9100'
- 'node3:9100'
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: [__address__]
target_label: instance
regex: '([^:]+)(:[0-9]+)?'
replacement: '${1}'
# Kubernetes pods with annotations
- job_name: 'kubernetes-pods'
kubernetes_sd_configs:
- role: pod
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_scrape]
action: keep
regex: true
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_path]
action: replace
target_label: __metrics_path__
regex: (.+)
- source_labels: [__address__, __meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_port]
action: replace
regex: ([^:]+)(?::\d+)?;(\d+)
replacement: $1:$2
target_label: __address__
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]
action: replace
target_label: namespace
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_name]
action: replace
target_label: pod
# Application metrics
- job_name: 'my-app'
static_configs:
- targets:
- 'app1.example.com:9090'
- 'app2.example.com:9090'
metrics_path: '/metrics'
scheme: 'https'
tls_config:
ca_file: /etc/prometheus/ca.crt
cert_file: /etc/prometheus/client.crt
key_file: /etc/prometheus/client.key
```
**Reference:** See `assets/prometheus.yml.template`
## Scrape Configurations
### Static Targets
```yaml
scrape_configs:
- job_name: 'static-targets'
static_configs:
- targets: ['host1:9100', 'host2:9100']
labels:
env: 'production'
region: 'us-west-2'
```
### File-based Service Discovery
```yaml
scrape_configs:
- job_name: 'file-sd'
file_sd_configs:
- files:
- /etc/prometheus/targets/*.json
- /etc/prometheus/targets/*.yml
refresh_interval: 5m
```
**targets/production.json:**
```json
[
{
"targets": ["app1:9090", "app2:9090"],
"labels": {
"env": "production",
"service": "api"
}
}
]
```
### Kubernetes Service Discovery
```yaml
scrape_configs:
- job_name: 'kubernetes-services'
kubernetes_sd_configs:
- role: service
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_scrape]
action: keep
regex: true
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_scheme]
action: replace
target_label: __scheme__
regex: (https?)
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_path]
action: replace
target_label: __metrics_path__
regex: (.+)
```
**Reference:** See `references/scrape-configs.md`
## Recording Rules
Create pre-computed metrics for frequently queried expressions:
```yaml
# /etc/prometheus/rules/recording_rules.yml
groups:
- name: api_metrics
interval: 15s
rules:
# HTTP request rate per service
- record: job:http_requests:rate5m
expr: sum by (job) (rate(http_requests_total[5m]))
# Error rate percentage
- record: job:http_requests_errors:rate5m
expr: sum by (job) (rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]))
- record: job:http_requests_error_rate:percentage
expr: |
(job:http_requests_errors:rate5m / job:http_requests:rate5m) * 100
# P95 latency
- record: job:http_request_duration:p95
expr: |
histogram_quantile(0.95,
sum by (job, le) (rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m]))
)
- name: resource_metrics
interval: 30s
rules:
# CPU utilization percentage
- record: instance:node_cpu:utilization
expr: |
100 - (avg by (instance) (rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode="idle"}[5m])) * 100)
# Memory utilization percentage
- record: instance:node_memory:utilization
expr: |
100 - ((node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes) * 100)
# Disk usage percentage
- record: instance:node_disk:utilization
expr: |
100 - ((node_filesystem_avail_bytes / node_filesystem_size_bytes) * 100)
```
**Reference:** See `references/recording-rules.md`
## Alert Rules
```yaml
# /etc/prometheus/rules/alert_rules.yml
groups:
- name: availability
interval: 30s
rules:
- alert: ServiceDown
expr: up{job="my-app"} == 0
for: 1m
labels:
severity: critical
annotations:
summary: "Service {{ $labels.instance }} is down"
description: "{{ $labels.job }} has been down for more than 1 minute"
- alert: HighErrorRate
expr: job:http_requests_error_rate:percentage > 5
for: 5m
labels:
severity: warning
annotations:
summary: "High error rate for {{ $labels.job }}"
description: "Error rate is {{ $value }}% (threshold: 5%)"
- alert: HighLatency
expr: job:http_request_duration:p95 > 1
for: 5m
labels:
severity: warning
annotations:
summary: "High latency for {{ $labels.job }}"
description: "P95 latency is {{ $value }}s (threshold: 1s)"
- name: resources
interval: 1m
rules:
- alert: HighCPUUsage
expr: instance:node_cpu:utilization > 80
for: 5m
labels:
severity: warning
annotations:
summary: "High CPU usage on {{ $labels.instance }}"
description: "CPU usage is {{ $value }}%"
- alert: HighMemoryUsage
expr: instance:node_memory:utilization > 85
for: 5m
labels:
severity: warning
annotations:
summary: "High memory usage on {{ $labels.instance }}"
description: "Memory usage is {{ $value }}%"
- alert: DiskSpaceLow
expr: instance:node_disk:utilization > 90
for: 5m
labels:
severity: critical
annotations:
summary: "Low disk space on {{ $labels.instance }}"
description: "Disk usage is {{ $value }}%"
```
## Validation
```bash
# Validate configuration
promtool check config prometheus.yml
# Validate rules
promtool check rules /etc/prometheus/rules/*.yml
# Test query
promtool query instant http://localhost:9090 'up'
```
**Reference:** See `scripts/validate-prometheus.sh`
## Best Practices
1. **Use consistent naming** for metrics (prefix_name_unit)
2. **Set appropriate scrape intervals** (15-60s typical)
3. **Use recording rules** for expensive queries
4. **Implement high availability** (multiple Prometheus instances)
5. **Configure retention** based on storage capacity
6. **Use relabeling** for metric cleanup
7. **Monitor Prometheus itself**
8. **Implement federation** for large deployments
9. **Use Thanos/Cortex** for long-term storage
10. **Document custom metrics**
## Troubleshooting
**Check scrape targets:**
```bash
curl http://localhost:9090/api/v1/targets
```
**Check configuration:**
```bash
curl http://localhost:9090/api/v1/status/config
```
**Test query:**
```bash
curl 'http://localhost:9090/api/v1/query?query=up'
```
## Reference Files
- `assets/prometheus.yml.template` - Complete configuration template
- `references/scrape-configs.md` - Scrape configuration patterns
- `references/recording-rules.md` - Recording rule examples
- `scripts/validate-prometheus.sh` - Validation script
## Related Skills
- `grafana-dashboards` - For visualization
- `slo-implementation` - For SLO monitoring
- `distributed-tracing` - For request tracing

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---
name: slo-implementation
description: Define and implement Service Level Indicators (SLIs) and Service Level Objectives (SLOs) with error budgets and alerting. Use when establishing reliability targets, implementing SRE practices, or measuring service performance.
---
# SLO Implementation
Framework for defining and implementing Service Level Indicators (SLIs), Service Level Objectives (SLOs), and error budgets.
## Purpose
Implement measurable reliability targets using SLIs, SLOs, and error budgets to balance reliability with innovation velocity.
## When to Use
- Define service reliability targets
- Measure user-perceived reliability
- Implement error budgets
- Create SLO-based alerts
- Track reliability goals
## SLI/SLO/SLA Hierarchy
```
SLA (Service Level Agreement)
↓ Contract with customers
SLO (Service Level Objective)
↓ Internal reliability target
SLI (Service Level Indicator)
↓ Actual measurement
```
## Defining SLIs
### Common SLI Types
#### 1. Availability SLI
```promql
# Successful requests / Total requests
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status!~"5.."}[28d]))
/
sum(rate(http_requests_total[28d]))
```
#### 2. Latency SLI
```promql
# Requests below latency threshold / Total requests
sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{le="0.5"}[28d]))
/
sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_count[28d]))
```
#### 3. Durability SLI
```
# Successful writes / Total writes
sum(storage_writes_successful_total)
/
sum(storage_writes_total)
```
**Reference:** See `references/slo-definitions.md`
## Setting SLO Targets
### Availability SLO Examples
| SLO % | Downtime/Month | Downtime/Year |
|-------|----------------|---------------|
| 99% | 7.2 hours | 3.65 days |
| 99.9% | 43.2 minutes | 8.76 hours |
| 99.95%| 21.6 minutes | 4.38 hours |
| 99.99%| 4.32 minutes | 52.56 minutes |
### Choose Appropriate SLOs
**Consider:**
- User expectations
- Business requirements
- Current performance
- Cost of reliability
- Competitor benchmarks
**Example SLOs:**
```yaml
slos:
- name: api_availability
target: 99.9
window: 28d
sli: |
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status!~"5.."}[28d]))
/
sum(rate(http_requests_total[28d]))
- name: api_latency_p95
target: 99
window: 28d
sli: |
sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{le="0.5"}[28d]))
/
sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_count[28d]))
```
## Error Budget Calculation
### Error Budget Formula
```
Error Budget = 1 - SLO Target
```
**Example:**
- SLO: 99.9% availability
- Error Budget: 0.1% = 43.2 minutes/month
- Current Error: 0.05% = 21.6 minutes/month
- Remaining Budget: 50%
### Error Budget Policy
```yaml
error_budget_policy:
- remaining_budget: 100%
action: Normal development velocity
- remaining_budget: 50%
action: Consider postponing risky changes
- remaining_budget: 10%
action: Freeze non-critical changes
- remaining_budget: 0%
action: Feature freeze, focus on reliability
```
**Reference:** See `references/error-budget.md`
## SLO Implementation
### Prometheus Recording Rules
```yaml
# SLI Recording Rules
groups:
- name: sli_rules
interval: 30s
rules:
# Availability SLI
- record: sli:http_availability:ratio
expr: |
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status!~"5.."}[28d]))
/
sum(rate(http_requests_total[28d]))
# Latency SLI (requests < 500ms)
- record: sli:http_latency:ratio
expr: |
sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{le="0.5"}[28d]))
/
sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_count[28d]))
- name: slo_rules
interval: 5m
rules:
# SLO compliance (1 = meeting SLO, 0 = violating)
- record: slo:http_availability:compliance
expr: sli:http_availability:ratio >= bool 0.999
- record: slo:http_latency:compliance
expr: sli:http_latency:ratio >= bool 0.99
# Error budget remaining (percentage)
- record: slo:http_availability:error_budget_remaining
expr: |
(sli:http_availability:ratio - 0.999) / (1 - 0.999) * 100
# Error budget burn rate
- record: slo:http_availability:burn_rate_5m
expr: |
(1 - (
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status!~"5.."}[5m]))
/
sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))
)) / (1 - 0.999)
```
### SLO Alerting Rules
```yaml
groups:
- name: slo_alerts
interval: 1m
rules:
# Fast burn: 14.4x rate, 1 hour window
# Consumes 2% error budget in 1 hour
- alert: SLOErrorBudgetBurnFast
expr: |
slo:http_availability:burn_rate_1h > 14.4
and
slo:http_availability:burn_rate_5m > 14.4
for: 2m
labels:
severity: critical
annotations:
summary: "Fast error budget burn detected"
description: "Error budget burning at {{ $value }}x rate"
# Slow burn: 6x rate, 6 hour window
# Consumes 5% error budget in 6 hours
- alert: SLOErrorBudgetBurnSlow
expr: |
slo:http_availability:burn_rate_6h > 6
and
slo:http_availability:burn_rate_30m > 6
for: 15m
labels:
severity: warning
annotations:
summary: "Slow error budget burn detected"
description: "Error budget burning at {{ $value }}x rate"
# Error budget exhausted
- alert: SLOErrorBudgetExhausted
expr: slo:http_availability:error_budget_remaining < 0
for: 5m
labels:
severity: critical
annotations:
summary: "SLO error budget exhausted"
description: "Error budget remaining: {{ $value }}%"
```
## SLO Dashboard
**Grafana Dashboard Structure:**
```
┌────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SLO Compliance (Current) │
│ ✓ 99.95% (Target: 99.9%) │
├────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Error Budget Remaining: 65% │
│ ████████░░ 65% │
├────────────────────────────────────┤
│ SLI Trend (28 days) │
│ [Time series graph] │
├────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Burn Rate Analysis │
│ [Burn rate by time window] │
└────────────────────────────────────┘
```
**Example Queries:**
```promql
# Current SLO compliance
sli:http_availability:ratio * 100
# Error budget remaining
slo:http_availability:error_budget_remaining
# Days until error budget exhausted (at current burn rate)
(slo:http_availability:error_budget_remaining / 100)
*
28
/
(1 - sli:http_availability:ratio) * (1 - 0.999)
```
## Multi-Window Burn Rate Alerts
```yaml
# Combination of short and long windows reduces false positives
rules:
- alert: SLOBurnRateHigh
expr: |
(
slo:http_availability:burn_rate_1h > 14.4
and
slo:http_availability:burn_rate_5m > 14.4
)
or
(
slo:http_availability:burn_rate_6h > 6
and
slo:http_availability:burn_rate_30m > 6
)
labels:
severity: critical
```
## SLO Review Process
### Weekly Review
- Current SLO compliance
- Error budget status
- Trend analysis
- Incident impact
### Monthly Review
- SLO achievement
- Error budget usage
- Incident postmortems
- SLO adjustments
### Quarterly Review
- SLO relevance
- Target adjustments
- Process improvements
- Tooling enhancements
## Best Practices
1. **Start with user-facing services**
2. **Use multiple SLIs** (availability, latency, etc.)
3. **Set achievable SLOs** (don't aim for 100%)
4. **Implement multi-window alerts** to reduce noise
5. **Track error budget** consistently
6. **Review SLOs regularly**
7. **Document SLO decisions**
8. **Align with business goals**
9. **Automate SLO reporting**
10. **Use SLOs for prioritization**
## Reference Files
- `assets/slo-template.md` - SLO definition template
- `references/slo-definitions.md` - SLO definition patterns
- `references/error-budget.md` - Error budget calculations
## Related Skills
- `prometheus-configuration` - For metric collection
- `grafana-dashboards` - For SLO visualization