`
**Issue**: Screen reader users cannot navigate by landmarks
**WCAG**: 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value (Level A)
**Fixed**: Changed to `
` element
#### 5. Incomplete ARIA Pattern
**Found**: Dropdown with `aria-expanded` never updating
**Issue**: Screen reader announces incorrect state
**WCAG**: 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value (Level A)
**Fixed**: Added state management to toggle `aria-expanded` on open/close
### Moderate (Enhancements)
#### 6. Generic Link Text
**Found**: `Click here`
**Issue**: Not descriptive out of context
**WCAG**: 2.4.4 Link Purpose (Level A)
**Fixed**: Changed to `View documentation`
## Enhancements Applied
### Semantic HTML Improvements
- Replaced 8 div elements with semantic alternatives (nav, main, button)
- Established proper heading hierarchy (h1 → h2 → h3)
- Used list elements (ul/li) for navigation and feature lists
### ARIA Additions
- Modal dialog: Added `role="dialog"`, `aria-modal="true"`, `aria-labelledby`
- Dropdown menu: Added `aria-haspopup`, `aria-expanded`, `aria-controls`
- Live region: Added `role="status"` for form submission feedback
- Hidden content: Added `aria-hidden="true"` to decorative elements
### Keyboard Navigation
- Focus indicators: Added `focus:ring-2 focus:ring-blue-500` to all interactive elements
- Modal keyboard handling: Escape closes, focus trap implemented, focus restoration on close
- Dropdown keyboard handling: Enter/Space opens, Arrow keys navigate, Escape closes
### Focus Management
**Modal open sequence**:
1. Trap focus inside modal
2. Focus first interactive element
3. Tab cycles within modal
4. Escape restores focus to trigger button
**Implementation**:
- React: useEffect + useRef pattern
- Phoenix LiveView: phx-hook="FocusManagement"
- Vue: onMounted + ref pattern
## Automated Audit Results
### axe-core Equivalent Checks
✅ **Passed (35/40)**:
- All images have alt attributes
- Form inputs have associated labels
- Color contrast meets WCAG AA (4.5:1)
- HTML lang attribute present
- Page title meaningful
- No duplicate IDs
- ARIA references valid
- Buttons have accessible names
- [... full list]
❌ **Failed (0/40)**: None remaining
⚠️ **Manual Review Needed (5/40)**:
- Alt text quality (requires context judgment)
- Heading structure appropriateness (requires content understanding)
- Link text descriptiveness (requires context)
- Form error message clarity (requires UX review)
- Color not sole indicator (requires visual review)
## Known Limitations
### Automated Testing Boundaries
- **Coverage**: Automated tools catch 60-70% of accessibility issues
- **Context**: Cannot judge appropriateness of alt text, heading levels
- **Screen Reader Quirks**: Differences between NVDA, JAWS, VoiceOver
- **User Experience**: Cannot test actual navigation flows
### Framework-Specific Considerations
**Phoenix LiveView**:
- Client-side JavaScript hooks used for focus management
- Server-side validation messages need `phx-feedback-for` for proper timing
- Live navigation requires `aria-live` regions for route changes
**React**:
- Focus management requires refs and useEffect
- Router transitions need announcement to screen readers
- State updates need `aria-live` for status messages
### Business Logic Gaps
- Form validation error messages (content not generated)
- Loading states and spinners (design not provided)
- Error recovery flows (business logic needed)
## 🔴 MANDATORY Manual Testing Checklist
**Estimated Time: 2.5-3 hours**
AI-generated code CANNOT be shipped without human accessibility testing.
### 1. Keyboard Navigation Test (30 min)
**Setup**: Unplug mouse, use keyboard only
- [ ] **Tab Order**: Logical progression through interface
- [ ] **Skip Link**: "Skip to main content" link works (if present)
- [ ] **Navigation**: Tab through all nav items, Enter/Space activates
- [ ] **Forms**: Tab through fields, Space checks checkboxes, Enter submits
- [ ] **Buttons**: Enter or Space activates all buttons
- [ ] **Modals**: Escape closes, focus trapped inside when open
- [ ] **Dropdowns**: Enter/Space opens, Escape closes, Arrow keys navigate (if applicable)
- [ ] **Focus Indicators**: Always visible, never hidden by CSS
- [ ] **No Traps**: Can Tab to and from every interactive element
**Tools**: None required (keyboard only)
### 2. Screen Reader Test (1 hour)
**Windows - NVDA (Free)**:
Download: https://www.nvaccess.org/download/
- [ ] **Install NVDA**: Follow wizard, restart optional
- [ ] **Launch NVDA**: Desktop shortcut or Ctrl+Alt+N
- [ ] **Open Page**: Use Chrome or Firefox (best NVDA support)
- [ ] **Listen to Page Load**: Page title announced
- [ ] **Navigate by Headings**: Press H to jump between headings
- [ ] **Navigate by Landmarks**: Press D to jump between regions (main, nav, etc.)
- [ ] **Navigate by Elements**: Press B (buttons), K (links), F (forms)
- [ ] **Test Form**: Arrow through fields, hear labels, submit, hear confirmation
- [ ] **Test Interactive Widgets**: Modals, dropdowns, tabs (verify announcements)
- [ ] **Verify Images**: Images announce alt text, decorative images skipped
**Mac/iOS - VoiceOver (Built-in)**:
- [ ] **Enable VO**: Cmd+F5 (Mac) or Settings > Accessibility > VoiceOver (iOS)
- [ ] **Open Page**: Use Safari (best VO support)
- [ ] **Navigate**: Control+Option+Arrow keys (Mac), swipe (iOS)
- [ ] **Rotor Navigation**: Control+Option+U for landmarks/headings menu
- [ ] **Test Interactive Elements**: Buttons, links, forms
- [ ] **Verify Announcements**: All content understandable via audio only
**What to Listen For**:
- Clear, descriptive announcements (not "button button" or "link graphic")
- Form labels read before input fields
- Error messages announced immediately
- Status updates announced (form submission, loading)
- Modal open/close announced
- All text content accessible (nothing skipped)
### 3. Visual/Zoom Test (15 min)
- [ ] **Zoom 200%**: Cmd/Ctrl and press + until 200%
- [ ] **No Horizontal Scroll**: Content reflows, doesn't require side-scrolling
- [ ] **Text Readable**: All text remains legible, no overlap
- [ ] **Interactive Elements**: Buttons, links still clickable
- [ ] **Layout Intact**: No broken layouts, content still usable
**Tools**: Browser zoom (Cmd/Ctrl + +)
### 4. Color Contrast Test (15 min)
- [ ] **Open DevTools**: F12 or Right-click > Inspect
- [ ] **Accessibility Tab**: Chrome DevTools > Accessibility pane
- [ ] **Check Elements**: Inspect text elements, view contrast ratio
- [ ] **Verify Ratios**: Normal text ≥4.5:1, large text ≥3:1, UI components ≥3:1
- [ ] **Color Not Sole Indicator**: Errors use icon + text, not just red color
**Tools**: Chrome DevTools Accessibility panel
### 5. Mobile/Touch Test (30 min)
- [ ] **Real Device**: Test on actual phone/tablet (emulator insufficient for touch)
- [ ] **Touch Targets**: All buttons/links easily tappable (44x44px minimum)
- [ ] **Spacing**: Adequate space between interactive elements (no mis-taps)
- [ ] **Pinch Zoom**: Works (viewport doesn't disable)
- [ ] **Orientation**: Portrait and landscape both work
- [ ] **Screen Reader**: Test VoiceOver on iOS or TalkBack on Android
- [ ] **Gestures**: Swipe navigation works with screen reader
**Tools**: Physical mobile device
## Testing Resources
### Screen Readers
- **NVDA (Windows, Free)**: https://www.nvaccess.org/
- **JAWS (Windows, Paid)**: https://www.freedomscientific.com/products/software/jaws/
- **VoiceOver (Mac/iOS, Built-in)**: Cmd+F5 or Settings > Accessibility
- **TalkBack (Android, Built-in)**: Settings > Accessibility > TalkBack
### Browser Tools
- **Chrome DevTools**: Accessibility panel, Lighthouse audit
- **Firefox DevTools**: Accessibility inspector
- **axe DevTools**: Browser extension (free version available)
- **WAVE**: Browser extension for visual accessibility review
### Color Contrast Checkers
- **WebAIM Contrast Checker**: https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/
- **Colour Contrast Analyser**: Desktop app (free)
### Learning Resources
- **WebAIM**: https://webaim.org/ (comprehensive guides)
- **W3C ARIA Authoring Practices**: https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/
- **A11y Project**: https://www.a11yproject.com/ (checklist and resources)
## Sign-Off
**Accessibility testing completed by**: ___________________
**Date**: ___________________
**Screen reader used**: ___________________
**Devices tested**: ___________________
**Issues found during manual testing**:
- [ ] None - all tests passed
- [ ] Issues found (list below):
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
**Ready for production**: [ ] Yes [ ] No
## Next Steps
1. **Complete manual testing** using checklist above (~3 hours)
2. **Document any issues** found during testing
3. **Fix critical issues** before production deployment
4. **Re-test** after fixes applied
5. **Run `specimin:wrap`** to create PR when ready
6. **Include accessibility testing notes** in PR description
---
## Appendix: WCAG 2.1 Level AA Compliance
### Principles Covered
**Perceivable**:
- ✅ 1.1.1 Non-text Content (Alt text for images)
- ✅ 1.3.1 Info and Relationships (Semantic HTML, ARIA)
- ✅ 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) (4.5:1 for text)
- ✅ 1.4.10 Reflow (No horizontal scroll at 200% zoom)
- ✅ 1.4.11 Non-text Contrast (3:1 for UI components)
**Operable**:
- ✅ 2.1.1 Keyboard (All functionality via keyboard)
- ✅ 2.1.2 No Keyboard Trap (Can Tab out of all elements)
- ✅ 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks (Skip links, landmarks)
- ✅ 2.4.3 Focus Order (Logical tab order)
- ✅ 2.4.6 Headings and Labels (Descriptive, hierarchical)
- ✅ 2.4.7 Focus Visible (Focus indicators present)
**Understandable**:
- ✅ 3.1.1 Language of Page (``)
- ✅ 3.2.1 On Focus (No unexpected changes on focus)
- ✅ 3.2.2 On Input (No unexpected changes on input)
- ✅ 3.3.1 Error Identification (Errors clearly described)
- ✅ 3.3.2 Labels or Instructions (Form fields labeled)
**Robust**:
- ✅ 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value (Semantic HTML, ARIA)
- ✅ 4.1.3 Status Messages (Live regions for dynamic content)
### Reference
Full WCAG 2.1 Guidelines: https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/quickref/
```
---
## Requirements
**Do**:
- Read all generated code files
- Fix semantic HTML violations systematically
- Add ARIA only when semantic HTML insufficient
- Implement keyboard navigation for all interactive elements
- Manage focus for modals and complex widgets
- Run conceptual automated audit
- Provide detailed manual testing checklist
- **Emphasize that manual testing is MANDATORY**
- Document all changes made
- Explain why each change improves accessibility
**Don't**:
- Skip manual testing checklist (most critical output)
- Add redundant ARIA (use semantic HTML first)
- Assume automated tools catch all issues (only 60-70%)
- Make accessibility fixes that break functionality
- Use overly complex ARIA patterns when simple HTML works
- Claim "accessibility complete" without manual testing
**Research-backed insights**:
- 80%+ of AI-generated code has accessibility violations
- Two-stage approach (structure → accessibility) prevents deprioritization
- Automated tools catch only 60-70% of violations
- Manual testing with assistive technologies is MANDATORY
- TetraLogical research: Even accessibility-trained models produce WCAG-failing code
- "Accessibility is by definition non-typical usage, therefore applying an average does not work"
- ChatGPT produced zero ARIA implementation in controlled tests
- Bard generated ARIA roles on wrong elements with broken references