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# Graph & OData Provisioning - Comprehensive Reference
**Source**: SAP BTP Integration Suite Documentation
**Documentation**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/tree/main/docs/ISuite](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/tree/main/docs/ISuite)
**Last Updated**: 2025-11-22
---
## Table of Contents
1. [Graph Overview](#graph-overview)
2. [Business Data Graph](#business-data-graph)
3. [Entity Types](#entity-types)
4. [Querying Graph](#querying-graph)
5. [Extensibility](#extensibility)
6. [OData Provisioning Overview](#odata-provisioning-overview)
7. [OData Service Registration](#odata-service-registration)
8. [Limits and Quotas](#limits-and-quotas)
---
## Graph Overview
Graph is a capability that provides a unified API to access business data across SAP systems as a semantically connected data graph.
### Key Benefits
- **Single API** for multiple SAP systems
- **Unified data model** across S/4HANA, Sales Cloud, SuccessFactors
- **Query languages** OData V4 and GraphQL
- **No data caching** - queries route to source systems
- **Scalable multitenant** architecture
### How It Works
```
┌─────────────────┐
│ Applications │
│ (OData/GraphQL)│
└────────┬────────┘
│
┌────────▼────────┐
│ Graph │
│ Business Data │
│ Graph │
└────────┬────────┘
│
┌────────┴────────────────────────────┐
│ │
▼ ▼ ▼
┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────────┐
│ S/4HANA │ │ Sales │ │SuccessFactors│
│ Cloud │ │ Cloud │ │ │
└──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────────┘
```
**Documentation**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/what-is-graph-ad1c48d.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/what-is-graph-ad1c48d.md)
---
## Business Data Graph
The Business Data Graph consolidates data entities from SAP systems into one curated, semantically connected data model.
### SAP-Managed Graph
SAP provides a baseline data graph with:
- Pre-defined entity relationships
- Standard data models
- Cross-system navigation
### Supported Data Sources
| System | Entity Examples |
|--------|-----------------|
| S/4HANA Cloud | BusinessPartner, SalesOrder, Product |
| Sales Cloud | Account, Opportunity, Lead |
| SuccessFactors | Employee, Position, Department |
### Graph Navigator
Visual tool for exploring the data graph:
- Browse entities and relationships
- View entity properties
- Test queries
- Explore navigation paths
**Documentation**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/graph-e03300f.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/graph-e03300f.md)
---
## Entity Types
### Unified Entities
Entities that aggregate data from multiple systems into a single view.
**Example**: Customer entity combining:
- S/4HANA BusinessPartner
- Sales Cloud Account
- SuccessFactors Employee (as contact)
### Mirrored Entities
Direct representation of source system entities without transformation.
### Custom Entities
User-defined entities that extend the standard graph:
- Custom data sources
- Custom properties
- Custom relationships
### Entity Properties
| Property Type | Description |
|---------------|-------------|
| Primitive | String, Number, Boolean, Date |
| Navigation | Links to other entities |
| Complex | Structured nested types |
**Documentation**:
- Unified: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/unified-entities-9bcd2ec.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/unified-entities-9bcd2ec.md)
- Mirrored: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/mirrored-entities-07fdc7a.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/mirrored-entities-07fdc7a.md)
- Custom: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/custom-entities-af8dcd6.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/custom-entities-af8dcd6.md)
---
## Querying Graph
### OData V4 Queries
Standard OData query syntax:
```
GET /graph/api/v1/sap.graph/Customer
GET /graph/api/v1/sap.graph/Customer('1001')
GET /graph/api/v1/sap.graph/Customer?$filter=country eq 'US'
GET /graph/api/v1/sap.graph/Customer?$select=name,email
GET /graph/api/v1/sap.graph/Customer?$expand=orders
```
### Query Options
| Option | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| `$filter` | Filter results |
| `$select` | Select properties |
| `$expand` | Include related entities |
| `$orderby` | Sort results |
| `$top` | Limit results |
| `$skip` | Pagination offset |
### GraphQL Queries
```graphql
query {
Customer(id: "1001") {
name
email
orders {
orderNumber
totalAmount
}
}
}
```
### Navigation
Traverse entity relationships:
```
# OData - Get customer's orders
GET /graph/api/v1/sap.graph/Customer('1001')/orders
# OData - Get order's line items
GET /graph/api/v1/sap.graph/SalesOrder('ORDER001')/items
```
---
## Extensibility
### Custom Data Sources
Add non-SAP data to the graph:
1. **Register data source** connection
2. **Define entity mappings**
3. **Configure authentication**
4. **Test connectivity**
### Projections
Customize existing entities:
- Add/remove properties
- Rename entities
- Filter data
- Define transformations
### Compositions
Create new entities from existing ones:
- Combine entities
- Define relationships
- Create computed properties
### Projection Definition (JSON)
```json
{
"projections": [
{
"name": "MyCustomer",
"source": "sap.graph.Customer",
"properties": {
"include": ["id", "name", "email"],
"exclude": ["internalNotes"]
},
"filter": "status eq 'ACTIVE'"
}
]
}
```
---
## OData Provisioning Overview
OData Provisioning exposes SAP Business Suite data as OData services on BTP without requiring an on-premise SAP Gateway hub.
### Key Features
- **Expose business data** as OData services
- **No Gateway hub** installation required
- **Reduced TCO** with cloud-managed service
- **Multi-device access** through standard protocol
### Architecture
```
┌─────────────────┐
│ Application │
│ (OData V2/V4) │
└────────┬────────┘
│
┌────────▼────────┐
│ OData │
│ Provisioning │
│ (BTP) │
└────────┬────────┘
│ Cloud Connector
┌────────▼────────┐
│ SAP Business │
│ Suite (ECC) │
│ (On-Premise) │
└─────────────────┘
```
### Prerequisites
| Requirement | Description |
|-------------|-------------|
| Cloud Connector | Connect to on-premise |
| Backend components | IW_BEP 200 or SAP_GWFND |
| Service plan | Appropriate IS service plan |
**Documentation**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/odata-provisioning-d257fc3.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/odata-provisioning-d257fc3.md)
---
## OData Service Registration
### Register Service
1. **Navigate** to OData Provisioning in Integration Suite
2. **Add system** connection via Cloud Connector
3. **Select services** to expose
4. **Configure** service settings
5. **Activate** service
### Service Settings
| Setting | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| Service Name | External service identifier |
| Backend System | Source system connection |
| Authentication | User propagation, technical user |
| Cache Settings | Response caching options |
### Runtime Access
Configure user access:
1. **Create role collection** for OData access
2. **Assign users** or user groups
3. **Map roles** to service operations
### Service URL Pattern
```
[https://<tenant>.integrationsuite.cfapps.<region>.hana.ondemand.com](https://<tenant>.integrationsuite.cfapps.<region>.hana.ondemand.com)
/odata/v4/<service-name>/<entity-set>
```
**Documentation**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/runtime-access-and-role-assignment-for-odata-provisioning-b46816c.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/runtime-access-and-role-assignment-for-odata-provisioning-b46816c.md)
---
## Limits and Quotas
### Graph Limits
| Limit | Value | Scope |
|-------|-------|-------|
| Business data graphs | 500 | Per global account |
| Business data graphs | 50 | Per subaccount |
| Services per graph | 5,000 | Per graph |
| Service metadata size | 50 MB | Per service |
| Extensions | 100 | Per subaccount |
| Projection definitions | 100 | Per extension |
| Projection file size | 1 MB | Per file |
### OData Provisioning Limits
| Limit | Value |
|-------|-------|
| Services | Based on service plan |
| Connections | Based on service plan |
| Request size | 50 MB |
| Response size | 50 MB |
### Error Handling
When limits are exceeded:
- Graph returns error response
- Check quota usage in cockpit
- Request quota increase if needed
**Documentation**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/limits-a61f1ce.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/limits-a61f1ce.md)
---
## Best Practices
### Graph Usage
1. **Use projections** to limit data exposure
2. **Select specific properties** to reduce payload
3. **Implement pagination** for large result sets
4. **Cache** where appropriate in applications
### OData Provisioning
1. **Secure services** with proper authentication
2. **Monitor usage** through BTP cockpit
3. **Optimize queries** to reduce backend load
4. **Use filters** to limit data transfer
### Performance
1. **Avoid deep navigation** (>3 levels)
2. **Batch requests** when possible
3. **Use $select** to limit properties
4. **Implement client-side caching**
---
## Related Documentation
- **Graph Overview**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/what-is-graph-ad1c48d.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/what-is-graph-ad1c48d.md)
- **Business Data Graph**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/business-data-graph-894e28c.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/business-data-graph-894e28c.md)
- **OData Provisioning**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/odata-provisioning-d257fc3.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/odata-provisioning-d257fc3.md)
- **Graph Troubleshooting**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/troubleshooting-for-graph-2cfb06c.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/troubleshooting-for-graph-2cfb06c.md)
- **Limits**: [https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/limits-a61f1ce.md](https://github.com/SAP-docs/sap-btp-integration-suite/blob/main/docs/ISuite/limits-a61f1ce.md)