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Zhongwei Li
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migration-guide.md
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migration-guide.md
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# Secrets Migration Guide
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This guide provides step-by-step instructions for migrating secrets from insecure locations (.env, docker-compose.yml environment variables) to secure Docker secrets.
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## Table of Contents
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1. [Why Migrate?](#why-migrate)
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2. [Pre-Migration Checklist](#pre-migration-checklist)
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3. [Migration Scenario 1: .env to Docker Secrets](#migration-scenario-1-env-to-docker-secrets)
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4. [Migration Scenario 2: docker-compose.yml Environment to Docker Secrets](#migration-scenario-2-docker-composeyml-environment-to-docker-secrets)
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5. [Migration Scenario 3: Combined Migration](#migration-scenario-3-combined-migration)
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6. [Post-Migration Validation](#post-migration-validation)
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7. [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
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---
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## Why Migrate?
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### Security Risks of Secrets in .env or docker-compose.yml
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**Critical security issues**:
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- 🔴 **Git exposure**: Files may be committed to version control
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- 🔴 **World-readable**: Default permissions allow anyone on system to read
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- 🔴 **Plaintext storage**: No encryption or protection
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- 🔴 **Audit trail**: No tracking of who accessed secrets
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- 🔴 **Rotation difficulty**: Hard to rotate without downtime
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- 🔴 **Backup exposure**: Secrets copied in backups
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### Benefits of Docker Secrets
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- ✅ **Encrypted at rest and in transit** (in Swarm mode)
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- ✅ **Never written to disk** in container filesystem
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- ✅ **Mount-only access** at /run/secrets/
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- ✅ **Proper permissions** automatically
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- ✅ **Easy rotation** without code changes
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- ✅ **Audit capabilities** built-in
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- ✅ **Never in git** by design
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---
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## Pre-Migration Checklist
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Before starting migration:
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### 1. Backup Current Configuration
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```bash
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# Backup .env
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cp .env .env.backup.$(date +%Y%m%d)
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# Backup docker-compose.yml
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cp docker-compose.yml docker-compose.yml.backup.$(date +%Y%m%d)
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# Create migration log
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echo "Migration started: $(date)" > .migration.log
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```
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### 2. Identify All Secrets
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```bash
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# Scan .env for potential secrets
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grep -iE "(PASSWORD|SECRET|KEY|TOKEN|API|AUTH)" .env
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# Scan docker-compose.yml for secrets in environment
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grep -A 10 "environment:" docker-compose.yml | grep -iE "(PASSWORD|SECRET|KEY|TOKEN)"
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```
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### 3. Document Secret Usage
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Create a migration plan:
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```
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Secret Name | Current Location | Service(s) Using
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---------------------|----------------------------|------------------
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DB_PASSWORD | .env | postgres, app
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API_KEY | docker-compose.yml (app) | app
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JWT_SECRET | .env | app
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SMTP_PASSWORD | docker-compose.yml (mail) | mail
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```
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### 4. Ensure ./secrets Directory Exists
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```bash
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# Create if missing
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mkdir -p ./secrets
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chmod 700 ./secrets
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# Add .gitkeep (only file that should be in git)
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touch ./secrets/.gitkeep
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git add ./secrets/.gitkeep
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```
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### 5. Verify .gitignore
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```bash
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# Add to .gitignore if not present
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cat >> .gitignore << 'EOF'
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# Secrets
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/secrets/
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/secrets/*
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!secrets/.gitkeep
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EOF
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```
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---
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## Migration Scenario 1: .env to Docker Secrets
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### Example: Database Password in .env
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**Before** (.env):
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```bash
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DB_HOST=postgres
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DB_PORT=5432
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DB_NAME=myapp
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DB_USER=appuser
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DB_PASSWORD=supersecretpassword123 # ❌ Security risk!
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```
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### Step-by-Step Migration
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**Step 1: Extract Secret Value**
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```bash
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# Read current value from .env
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DB_PASSWORD=$(grep "^DB_PASSWORD=" .env | cut -d'=' -f2-)
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echo "Found DB_PASSWORD in .env"
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```
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**Step 2: Create Secret File**
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```bash
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# Create secret file (no trailing newline!)
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echo -n "$DB_PASSWORD" > ./secrets/db_password
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# Set proper permissions
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chmod 600 ./secrets/db_password
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# Verify
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ls -l ./secrets/db_password
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# Expected: -rw------- ... db_password
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```
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**Step 3: Update docker-compose.yml**
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Add secret definition:
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```yaml
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# Add to top-level secrets section
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secrets:
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db_password:
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file: ./secrets/db_password
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```
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Update service to use secret:
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```yaml
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services:
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postgres:
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image: postgres:16-alpine
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secrets:
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- db_password
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environment:
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POSTGRES_DB: ${DB_NAME}
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POSTGRES_USER: ${DB_USER}
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# Use _FILE suffix for Docker secrets
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POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db_password
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```
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**Step 4: Remove from .env**
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```bash
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# Comment out old value with migration note
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sed -i 's/^DB_PASSWORD=.*/# DB_PASSWORD migrated to Docker secrets (\.\/secrets\/db_password)/' .env
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# Or remove entirely
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sed -i '/^DB_PASSWORD=/d' .env
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```
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**After** (.env):
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```bash
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DB_HOST=postgres
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DB_PORT=5432
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DB_NAME=myapp
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DB_USER=appuser
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# DB_PASSWORD migrated to Docker secrets (./secrets/db_password)
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```
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**Step 5: Update .env.example**
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```bash
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# Update .env.example to document the secret
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cat >> .env.example << 'EOF'
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# DB_PASSWORD is managed via Docker secrets
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# File: ./secrets/db_password
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# See README.md for secret setup instructions
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EOF
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```
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**Step 6: Test**
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```bash
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# Restart services
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docker compose down
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docker compose up -d postgres
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# Check logs for errors
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docker compose logs postgres
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# Verify secret is accessible inside container
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docker compose exec postgres sh -c 'cat /run/secrets/db_password'
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```
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---
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## Migration Scenario 2: docker-compose.yml Environment to Docker Secrets
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### Example: API Key in docker-compose.yml
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**Before**:
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```yaml
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services:
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app:
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image: myapp:latest
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environment:
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API_URL: https://api.example.com
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API_KEY: sk_live_abc123xyz789def456 # ❌ Security risk!
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APP_ENV: production
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```
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### Step-by-Step Migration
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**Step 1: Extract Secret Value**
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```bash
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# Manually copy the value from docker-compose.yml
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# API_KEY value: sk_live_abc123xyz789def456
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```
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**Step 2: Create Secret File**
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```bash
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# Create secret file
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echo -n "sk_live_abc123xyz789def456" > ./secrets/api_key
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chmod 600 ./secrets/api_key
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```
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**Step 3: Add Secret to docker-compose.yml**
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```yaml
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# Top-level secrets
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secrets:
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api_key:
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file: ./secrets/api_key
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services:
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app:
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image: myapp:latest
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secrets:
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- api_key
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environment:
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API_URL: https://api.example.com
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APP_ENV: production
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# If app supports reading from file
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API_KEY_FILE: /run/secrets/api_key
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```
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**Step 4: Application Code Update** (if needed)
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If application doesn't support `_FILE` suffix:
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**Option A**: Modify application to read from file
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```javascript
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// Node.js example
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const fs = require('fs');
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function getSecret(secretName) {
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try {
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return fs.readFileSync(`/run/secrets/${secretName}`, 'utf8').trim();
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} catch (err) {
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console.error(`Failed to read secret ${secretName}:`, err);
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process.exit(1);
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}
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}
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const apiKey = getSecret('api_key');
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```
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**Option B**: Use docker-entrypoint.sh
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Create `docker-entrypoint.sh`:
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```bash
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#!/bin/bash
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set -e
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# Load API key from Docker secret
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if [ -f /run/secrets/api_key ]; then
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export API_KEY=$(cat /run/secrets/api_key)
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else
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echo "ERROR: api_key secret not found"
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exit 1
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fi
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# Execute original command
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exec "$@"
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```
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Update docker-compose.yml:
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```yaml
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services:
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app:
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image: myapp:latest
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entrypoint: /docker-entrypoint.sh
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command: ["npm", "start"]
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volumes:
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- ./docker-entrypoint.sh:/docker-entrypoint.sh:ro
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secrets:
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- api_key
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environment:
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API_URL: https://api.example.com
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APP_ENV: production
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```
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```bash
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chmod +x docker-entrypoint.sh
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```
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**Step 5: Remove from docker-compose.yml environment**
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Remove the old API_KEY line:
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```yaml
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services:
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app:
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environment:
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API_URL: https://api.example.com
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APP_ENV: production
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# API_KEY removed - now using Docker secrets
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```
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**Step 6: Test**
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```bash
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docker compose up -d app
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docker compose logs app
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# Verify secret accessible
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docker compose exec app sh -c 'cat /run/secrets/api_key'
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```
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---
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## Migration Scenario 3: Combined Migration
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### Example: Multiple Secrets in Both .env and docker-compose.yml
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**Before**:
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.env:
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```bash
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DB_PASSWORD=dbpass123
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JWT_SECRET=jwt-secret-key-here
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SMTP_PASSWORD=smtp-pass-123
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```
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docker-compose.yml:
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```yaml
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services:
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app:
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environment:
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DB_PASSWORD: ${DB_PASSWORD}
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JWT_SECRET: ${JWT_SECRET}
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API_KEY: sk_live_hardcoded123
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mail:
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environment:
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SMTP_PASSWORD: ${SMTP_PASSWORD}
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```
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### Comprehensive Migration
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**Step 1: Create All Secret Files**
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```bash
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# Extract from .env
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DB_PASSWORD=$(grep "^DB_PASSWORD=" .env | cut -d'=' -f2-)
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JWT_SECRET=$(grep "^JWT_SECRET=" .env | cut -d'=' -f2-)
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SMTP_PASSWORD=$(grep "^SMTP_PASSWORD=" .env | cut -d'=' -f2-)
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# Create secret files
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echo -n "$DB_PASSWORD" > ./secrets/db_password
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echo -n "$JWT_SECRET" > ./secrets/jwt_secret
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echo -n "$SMTP_PASSWORD" > ./secrets/smtp_password
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echo -n "sk_live_hardcoded123" > ./secrets/api_key
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# Set permissions
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chmod 600 ./secrets/*
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# Verify
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ls -la ./secrets/
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```
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**Step 2: Update docker-compose.yml Completely**
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```yaml
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secrets:
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db_password:
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file: ./secrets/db_password
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jwt_secret:
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file: ./secrets/jwt_secret
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api_key:
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file: ./secrets/api_key
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smtp_password:
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file: ./secrets/smtp_password
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services:
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app:
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image: myapp:latest
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secrets:
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- db_password
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- jwt_secret
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- api_key
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environment:
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# Only non-secret configuration
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DB_HOST: postgres
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APP_ENV: production
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mail:
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image: mailserver:latest
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secrets:
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- smtp_password
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environment:
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SMTP_HOST: smtp.example.com
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SMTP_PORT: 587
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```
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**Step 3: Create docker-entrypoint.sh** (if needed)
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```bash
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#!/bin/bash
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set -e
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# Load all secrets into environment
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load_secret() {
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local secret_name=$1
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local env_var=$2
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if [ -f "/run/secrets/${secret_name}" ]; then
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export "${env_var}=$(cat "/run/secrets/${secret_name}")"
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echo "✓ Loaded ${env_var} from ${secret_name}"
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else
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echo "✗ Secret ${secret_name} not found!" >&2
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exit 1
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fi
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}
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# Load all required secrets
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load_secret "db_password" "DB_PASSWORD"
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load_secret "jwt_secret" "JWT_SECRET"
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load_secret "api_key" "API_KEY"
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exec "$@"
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```
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**Step 4: Clean Up .env**
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```bash
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# Remove all secrets from .env
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sed -i '/^DB_PASSWORD=/d' .env
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sed -i '/^JWT_SECRET=/d' .env
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sed -i '/^SMTP_PASSWORD=/d' .env
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# Add migration notes
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cat >> .env << 'EOF'
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# === SECRETS MIGRATED TO DOCKER SECRETS ===
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# All sensitive credentials now in ./secrets/ directory
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# - DB_PASSWORD: ./secrets/db_password
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# - JWT_SECRET: ./secrets/jwt_secret
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# - SMTP_PASSWORD: ./secrets/smtp_password
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# - API_KEY: ./secrets/api_key
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EOF
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```
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|
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**Step 5: Update .env.example**
|
||||
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```bash
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# .env.example should NOT have secret values
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cat > .env.example << 'EOF'
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# Application configuration
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APP_ENV=development
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DB_HOST=postgres
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DB_PORT=5432
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# === REQUIRED SECRETS ===
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# Create these files in ./secrets/ directory:
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# - db_password: Database password
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# - jwt_secret: JWT signing secret
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# - smtp_password: Email server password
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# - api_key: External API key
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#
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# See README.md for instructions
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EOF
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```
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||||
|
||||
**Step 6: Comprehensive Testing**
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
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# Stop all services
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||||
docker compose down
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||||
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# Start with new configuration
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||||
docker compose up -d
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||||
|
||||
# Check all service logs
|
||||
docker compose logs
|
||||
|
||||
# Verify secrets accessible in each container
|
||||
docker compose exec app sh -c 'ls -la /run/secrets/'
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||||
docker compose exec mail sh -c 'ls -la /run/secrets/'
|
||||
|
||||
# Test application functionality
|
||||
curl http://localhost:8080/health
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||||
```
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||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Post-Migration Validation
|
||||
|
||||
### Validation Checklist
|
||||
|
||||
Run these checks after migration:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 1. No secrets in .env
|
||||
! grep -iE "(password|secret|key|token)=[^ ]" .env
|
||||
|
||||
# 2. No secrets in docker-compose.yml environment
|
||||
! grep -A 20 "environment:" docker-compose.yml | grep -iE "(password|secret|key|token).*:"
|
||||
|
||||
# 3. All secret files exist
|
||||
for secret in db_password jwt_secret api_key smtp_password; do
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[ -f "./secrets/$secret" ] && echo "✓ $secret exists" || echo "✗ $secret MISSING"
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
# 4. Proper permissions
|
||||
[ "$(stat -c '%a' ./secrets)" = "700" ] && echo "✓ Directory: 700" || echo "✗ Wrong permissions"
|
||||
find ./secrets -type f ! -name .gitkeep -exec stat -c '%a %n' {} \; | while read perm file; do
|
||||
[ "$perm" = "600" ] && echo "✓ $file: 600" || echo "✗ $file: $perm (should be 600)"
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
# 5. Secrets not in git
|
||||
! git ls-files | grep "secrets/" | grep -v .gitkeep
|
||||
|
||||
# 6. All services running
|
||||
docker compose ps | grep Up
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Use stack-validator
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Run comprehensive validation
|
||||
claude "validate this stack"
|
||||
|
||||
# Should show:
|
||||
# ✅ No secrets in .env
|
||||
# ✅ No secrets in docker-compose.yml environment
|
||||
# ✅ All secret files exist with proper permissions
|
||||
# ✅ ./secrets in .gitignore
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Troubleshooting
|
||||
|
||||
### Issue 1: Service Can't Access Secret
|
||||
|
||||
**Symptom**: Container logs show "permission denied" or "file not found"
|
||||
|
||||
**Diagnosis**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Check if secret is mounted
|
||||
docker compose exec app ls -la /run/secrets/
|
||||
|
||||
# Check file permissions
|
||||
ls -l ./secrets/db_password
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Fix**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Ensure proper permissions
|
||||
chmod 600 ./secrets/db_password
|
||||
|
||||
# Ensure secret is defined in compose
|
||||
grep -A 2 "secrets:" docker-compose.yml
|
||||
|
||||
# Restart service
|
||||
docker compose restart app
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Issue 2: Application Still Expects Environment Variable
|
||||
|
||||
**Symptom**: Application error "Missing required environment variable"
|
||||
|
||||
**Solution A**: Use docker-entrypoint.sh
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Create entrypoint to load secrets into environment
|
||||
# See Pattern 3 in secrets-patterns.md
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Solution B**: Modify application code
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
// Read from /run/secrets/ instead of environment
|
||||
const password = fs.readFileSync('/run/secrets/db_password', 'utf8').trim();
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Issue 3: Secrets Accidentally Committed to Git
|
||||
|
||||
**Symptom**: git status shows secrets/ files
|
||||
|
||||
**Immediate action**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# DO NOT COMMIT!
|
||||
git reset ./secrets/
|
||||
|
||||
# Ensure .gitignore is correct
|
||||
echo "/secrets/*" >> .gitignore
|
||||
echo "!secrets/.gitkeep" >> .gitignore
|
||||
|
||||
# Stage .gitignore
|
||||
git add .gitignore
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**If already committed**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Remove from git (keeps local file)
|
||||
git rm --cached ./secrets/*
|
||||
git add ./secrets/.gitkeep
|
||||
|
||||
# Commit the fix
|
||||
git commit -m "Remove secrets from git (security fix)"
|
||||
|
||||
# IMPORTANT: Rotate all exposed secrets immediately!
|
||||
# Anyone with access to git history can see them
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Clean git history** (if secrets were pushed):
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Use git-filter-repo (recommended)
|
||||
git filter-repo --path secrets/ --invert-paths --force
|
||||
|
||||
# Force push (coordinate with team!)
|
||||
git push --force
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Issue 4: Wrong Permissions After Docker Created Files
|
||||
|
||||
**Symptom**: Secret files owned by root
|
||||
|
||||
**Fix**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Change ownership
|
||||
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) ./secrets/*
|
||||
|
||||
# Fix permissions
|
||||
chmod 700 ./secrets
|
||||
chmod 600 ./secrets/*
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Issue 5: Secrets Work Locally but Not in Production
|
||||
|
||||
**Issue**: File-based secrets only work in docker compose, not Swarm
|
||||
|
||||
**Solution**: Use external secrets for Swarm/production
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Create secrets in Swarm
|
||||
echo "db-password-value" | docker secret create prod_db_password -
|
||||
|
||||
# Update docker-compose.yml for production
|
||||
secrets:
|
||||
db_password:
|
||||
external: true
|
||||
name: prod_db_password
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Migration Verification Report
|
||||
|
||||
After migration, generate a report:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
🔐 Secrets Migration Report
|
||||
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
|
||||
|
||||
✅ Migration Completed: 2025-10-20 14:30:00
|
||||
|
||||
Secrets Migrated (4):
|
||||
✅ db_password (.env → Docker secrets)
|
||||
✅ jwt_secret (.env → Docker secrets)
|
||||
✅ api_key (docker-compose.yml → Docker secrets)
|
||||
✅ smtp_password (.env → Docker secrets)
|
||||
|
||||
File Structure:
|
||||
✅ ./secrets directory: 700 permissions
|
||||
✅ All secret files: 600 permissions
|
||||
✅ .gitignore updated
|
||||
✅ .gitkeep present
|
||||
|
||||
Configuration Cleanup:
|
||||
✅ .env: 0 secrets remaining
|
||||
✅ docker-compose.yml: 0 secrets in environment
|
||||
✅ .env.example: updated with migration notes
|
||||
|
||||
Docker Integration:
|
||||
✅ 4 secrets defined in docker-compose.yml
|
||||
✅ All services updated
|
||||
✅ docker-entrypoint.sh created for app service
|
||||
|
||||
Validation:
|
||||
✅ stack-validator: PASS
|
||||
✅ All services running
|
||||
✅ No secrets in git
|
||||
|
||||
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
|
||||
✅ Migration successful - stack secured!
|
||||
|
||||
Next Steps:
|
||||
1. Test all application functionality
|
||||
2. Monitor logs for secret access issues
|
||||
3. Plan secret rotation schedule (90 days)
|
||||
4. Document secret setup in README.md
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
*Follow this guide to safely migrate secrets from insecure storage to Docker secrets.*
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user