# Audio Processing Reference

Comprehensive guide for audio analysis and speech generation using Gemini API.

## Audio Understanding

### Supported Formats

| Format | MIME Type | Best Use |
|--------|-----------|----------|
| WAV | `audio/wav` | Uncompressed, highest quality |
| MP3 | `audio/mp3` | Compressed, widely compatible |
| AAC | `audio/aac` | Compressed, good quality |
| FLAC | `audio/flac` | Lossless compression |
| OGG Vorbis | `audio/ogg` | Open format |
| AIFF | `audio/aiff` | Apple format |

### Specifications

- **Maximum length**: 9.5 hours per request
- **Multiple files**: Unlimited count, combined max 9.5 hours
- **Token rate**: 32 tokens/second (1 minute = 1,920 tokens)
- **Processing**: Auto-downsampled to 16 Kbps mono
- **File size limits**:
  - Inline: 20 MB max total request
  - File API: 2 GB per file, 20 GB project quota
  - Retention: 48 hours auto-delete

## Transcription

### Basic Transcription

```python
from google import genai
import os

client = genai.Client(api_key=os.getenv('GEMINI_API_KEY'))

# Upload audio
myfile = client.files.upload(file='meeting.mp3')

# Transcribe
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Generate a transcript of the speech.', myfile]
)
print(response.text)
```

### With Timestamps

```python
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Generate transcript with timestamps in MM:SS format.', myfile]
)
```

### Multi-Speaker Identification

```python
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Transcribe with speaker labels. Format: [Speaker 1], [Speaker 2], etc.', myfile]
)
```

### Segment-Specific Transcription

```python
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Transcribe only the segment from 02:30 to 05:15.', myfile]
)
```

## Audio Analysis

### Summarization

```python
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Summarize key points in 5 bullets with timestamps.', myfile]
)
```

### Non-Speech Audio Analysis

```python
# Music analysis
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Identify the musical instruments and genre.', myfile]
)

# Environmental sounds
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Identify all sounds: voices, music, ambient noise.', myfile]
)

# Birdsong identification
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Identify bird species based on their calls.', myfile]
)
```

### Timestamp-Based Analysis

```python
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['What is discussed from 10:30 to 15:45? Provide key points.', myfile]
)
```

## Input Methods

### File Upload (>20MB or Reuse)

```python
# Upload once, use multiple times
myfile = client.files.upload(file='large-audio.mp3')

# First query
response1 = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Transcribe this', myfile]
)

# Second query (reuses same file)
response2 = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Summarize this', myfile]
)
```

### Inline Data (<20MB)

```python
from google.genai import types

with open('small-audio.mp3', 'rb') as f:
    audio_bytes = f.read()

response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=[
        'Describe this audio',
        types.Part.from_bytes(data=audio_bytes, mime_type='audio/mp3')
    ]
)
```

## Speech Generation (TTS)

### Available Models

| Model | Quality | Speed | Cost/1M tokens |
|-------|---------|-------|----------------|
| `gemini-2.5-flash-native-audio-preview-09-2025` | High | Fast | $10 |
| `gemini-2.5-pro` TTS mode | Premium | Slower | $20 |

### Basic TTS

```python
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash-native-audio-preview-09-2025',
    contents='Generate audio: Welcome to today\'s episode.'
)

# Save audio
with open('output.wav', 'wb') as f:
    f.write(response.audio_data)
```

### Controllable Voice Style

```python
# Professional tone
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash-native-audio-preview-09-2025',
    contents='Generate audio in a professional, clear tone: Welcome to our quarterly earnings call.'
)

# Casual and friendly
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash-native-audio-preview-09-2025',
    contents='Generate audio in a friendly, conversational tone: Hey there! Let\'s dive into today\'s topic.'
)

# Narrative style
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash-native-audio-preview-09-2025',
    contents='Generate audio in a narrative, storytelling tone: Once upon a time, in a land far away...'
)
```

### Voice Control Parameters

- **Style**: Professional, casual, narrative, conversational
- **Pace**: Slow, normal, fast
- **Tone**: Friendly, serious, enthusiastic
- **Accent**: Natural language control (e.g., "British accent", "Southern drawl")

## Best Practices

### File Management

1. Use File API for files >20MB
2. Use File API for repeated queries (saves tokens)
3. Files auto-delete after 48 hours
4. Clean up manually when done:
   ```python
   client.files.delete(name=myfile.name)
   ```

### Prompt Engineering

**Effective prompts**:
- "Transcribe from 02:30 to 03:29 in MM:SS format"
- "Identify speakers and extract dialogue with timestamps"
- "Summarize key points with relevant timestamps"
- "Transcribe and analyze sentiment for each speaker"

**Context improves accuracy**:
- "This is a medical interview - use appropriate terminology"
- "Transcribe this legal deposition with precise terminology"
- "This is a technical podcast about machine learning"

**Combined tasks**:
- "Transcribe and summarize in bullet points"
- "Extract key quotes with timestamps and speaker labels"
- "Transcribe and identify action items with timestamps"

### Cost Optimization

**Token calculation**:
- 1 minute audio = 1,920 tokens
- 1 hour audio = 115,200 tokens
- 9.5 hours = 1,094,400 tokens

**Model selection**:
- Use `gemini-2.5-flash` ($1/1M tokens) for most tasks
- Upgrade to `gemini-2.5-pro` ($3/1M tokens) for complex analysis
- For high-volume: `gemini-1.5-flash` ($0.70/1M tokens)

**Reduce costs**:
- Process only relevant segments using timestamps
- Use lower-quality audio when possible
- Batch multiple short files in one request
- Cache context for repeated queries

### Error Handling

```python
import time

def transcribe_with_retry(file_path, max_retries=3):
    """Transcribe audio with exponential backoff retry"""
    for attempt in range(max_retries):
        try:
            myfile = client.files.upload(file=file_path)
            response = client.models.generate_content(
                model='gemini-2.5-flash',
                contents=['Transcribe with timestamps', myfile]
            )
            return response.text
        except Exception as e:
            if attempt == max_retries - 1:
                raise
            wait_time = 2 ** attempt
            print(f"Retry {attempt + 1} after {wait_time}s")
            time.sleep(wait_time)
```

## Common Use Cases

### 1. Meeting Transcription

```python
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=[
        '''Transcribe this meeting with:
        1. Speaker labels
        2. Timestamps for topic changes
        3. Action items highlighted
        ''',
        myfile
    ]
)
```

### 2. Podcast Summary

```python
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=[
        '''Create podcast summary with:
        1. Main topics with timestamps
        2. Key quotes from each speaker
        3. Recommended episode highlights
        ''',
        myfile
    ]
)
```

### 3. Interview Analysis

```python
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=[
        '''Analyze interview:
        1. Questions asked with timestamps
        2. Key responses from interviewee
        3. Overall sentiment and tone
        ''',
        myfile
    ]
)
```

### 4. Content Verification

```python
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=[
        '''Verify audio content:
        1. Check for specific keywords or phrases
        2. Identify any compliance issues
        3. Note any concerning statements with timestamps
        ''',
        myfile
    ]
)
```

### 5. Multilingual Transcription

```python
# Gemini auto-detects language
response = client.models.generate_content(
    model='gemini-2.5-flash',
    contents=['Transcribe this audio and translate to English if needed.', myfile]
)
```

## Token Costs

**Audio Input** (32 tokens/second):
- 1 minute = 1,920 tokens
- 10 minutes = 19,200 tokens
- 1 hour = 115,200 tokens
- 9.5 hours = 1,094,400 tokens

**Example costs** (Gemini 2.5 Flash at $1/1M):
- 1 hour audio: 115,200 tokens = $0.12
- Full day podcast (8 hours): 921,600 tokens = $0.92

## Limitations

- Maximum 9.5 hours per request
- Auto-downsampled to 16 Kbps mono (quality loss)
- Files expire after 48 hours
- No real-time streaming support
- Non-speech audio less accurate than speech