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Zhongwei Li
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skills/gitlab/references/runners.md
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769
skills/gitlab/references/runners.md
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# GitLab Runners Reference
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## Overview
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GitLab Runner is an application that works with GitLab CI/CD to run jobs in a pipeline. Runners can be installed on various platforms and execute jobs in different executors (Docker, Shell, Kubernetes, etc.).
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## Runner Types
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### Shared Runners
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- Available to all projects in a GitLab instance
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- Configured by administrators
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- Uses shared resources
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### Group Runners
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- Available to all projects in a group
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- Configured at the group level
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- Shared within an organization
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### Project Runners (Specific Runners)
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- Dedicated to a single project
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- Complete control over configuration
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- Isolated execution environment
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## Installation
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### Linux
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```bash
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# Download the binary
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sudo curl -L --output /usr/local/bin/gitlab-runner https://gitlab-runner-downloads.s3.amazonaws.com/latest/binaries/gitlab-runner-linux-amd64
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# Give it permissions to execute
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sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/gitlab-runner
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# Create a GitLab CI user
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sudo useradd --comment 'GitLab Runner' --create-home gitlab-runner --shell /bin/bash
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# Install and run as service
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sudo gitlab-runner install --user=gitlab-runner --working-directory=/home/gitlab-runner
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sudo gitlab-runner start
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```
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### macOS
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```bash
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# Download
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sudo curl --output /usr/local/bin/gitlab-runner https://gitlab-runner-downloads.s3.amazonaws.com/latest/binaries/gitlab-runner-darwin-amd64
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# Give permissions
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sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/gitlab-runner
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# Install
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cd ~
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gitlab-runner install
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gitlab-runner start
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```
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### Windows
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```powershell
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# Create a folder
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New-Item -Path 'C:\GitLab-Runner' -ItemType Directory
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# Download binary
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Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://gitlab-runner-downloads.s3.amazonaws.com/latest/binaries/gitlab-runner-windows-amd64.exe" -OutFile "C:\GitLab-Runner\gitlab-runner.exe"
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# Install as service
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cd C:\GitLab-Runner
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.\gitlab-runner.exe install
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.\gitlab-runner.exe start
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```
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### Docker
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```bash
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docker run -d --name gitlab-runner --restart always \
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-v /srv/gitlab-runner/config:/etc/gitlab-runner \
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-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \
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gitlab/gitlab-runner:latest
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```
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### Kubernetes (Helm)
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```bash
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# Add GitLab Helm repository
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helm repo add gitlab https://charts.gitlab.io
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# Update
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helm repo update
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# Install
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helm install --namespace gitlab-runner gitlab-runner \
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-f values.yaml \
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gitlab/gitlab-runner
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```
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## Registration
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### Register Runner
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```bash
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gitlab-runner register \
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--non-interactive \
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--url "https://gitlab.com/" \
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--registration-token "PROJECT_REGISTRATION_TOKEN" \
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--executor "docker" \
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--docker-image alpine:latest \
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--description "docker-runner" \
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--maintenance-note "Free-form maintainer notes about this runner" \
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--tag-list "docker,aws" \
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--run-untagged="true" \
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--locked="false" \
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--access-level="not_protected"
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```
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### Interactive Registration
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```bash
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gitlab-runner register
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# Follow prompts:
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# 1. GitLab instance URL
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# 2. Registration token
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# 3. Description
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# 4. Tags
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# 5. Executor type
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# 6. Executor-specific questions
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```
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### Get Registration Token
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**Project Runners**:
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- Navigate to: Settings > CI/CD > Runners
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- Copy registration token
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**Group Runners**:
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- Navigate to: Group > Settings > CI/CD > Runners
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- Copy registration token
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**Instance Runners** (Admin):
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- Navigate to: Admin Area > Overview > Runners
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- Copy registration token
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### Unregister Runner
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```bash
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# By URL and token
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gitlab-runner unregister --url "https://gitlab.com/" --token "RUNNER_TOKEN"
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# By name
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gitlab-runner unregister --name "test-runner"
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# Unregister all
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gitlab-runner unregister --all-runners
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```
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## Executors
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### Shell Executor
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Runs jobs directly on the host machine.
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```toml
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[[runners]]
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name = "shell-runner"
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url = "https://gitlab.com/"
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token = "RUNNER_TOKEN"
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executor = "shell"
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```
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**Pros**:
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- Simple setup
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- Fast execution
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- Easy debugging
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**Cons**:
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- Less isolation
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- Environment pollution
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- Security concerns
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### Docker Executor
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Runs jobs in Docker containers (recommended).
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```toml
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[[runners]]
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name = "docker-runner"
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url = "https://gitlab.com/"
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token = "RUNNER_TOKEN"
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executor = "docker"
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[runners.docker]
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tls_verify = false
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image = "alpine:latest"
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privileged = false
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disable_cache = false
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volumes = ["/cache"]
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shm_size = 0
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```
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**Pros**:
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- Clean environment per job
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- Isolated execution
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- Consistent builds
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- Easy image management
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**Cons**:
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- Requires Docker
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- Slight overhead
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### Docker Machine Executor
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Auto-scales runners using Docker Machine.
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```toml
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[[runners]]
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name = "docker-machine-runner"
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url = "https://gitlab.com/"
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token = "RUNNER_TOKEN"
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executor = "docker+machine"
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[runners.docker]
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image = "alpine:latest"
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[runners.machine]
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IdleCount = 2
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IdleTime = 1800
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MaxBuilds = 100
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MachineDriver = "amazonec2"
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MachineName = "gitlab-runner-%s"
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MachineOptions = [
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"amazonec2-access-key=XXXX",
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"amazonec2-secret-key=XXXX",
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"amazonec2-region=us-east-1",
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"amazonec2-vpc-id=vpc-xxxxx",
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"amazonec2-subnet-id=subnet-xxxxx",
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"amazonec2-use-private-address=true",
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"amazonec2-instance-type=t2.micro"
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]
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```
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### Kubernetes Executor
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Runs jobs in Kubernetes pods.
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```toml
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[[runners]]
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name = "kubernetes-runner"
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url = "https://gitlab.com/"
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token = "RUNNER_TOKEN"
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executor = "kubernetes"
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[runners.kubernetes]
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host = ""
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namespace = "gitlab-runner"
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privileged = false
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cpu_limit = "1"
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memory_limit = "1Gi"
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service_cpu_limit = "200m"
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service_memory_limit = "256Mi"
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helper_cpu_limit = "200m"
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helper_memory_limit = "256Mi"
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poll_interval = 3
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poll_timeout = 180
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[runners.kubernetes.pod_labels]
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"app" = "gitlab-runner"
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```
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### VirtualBox Executor
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```toml
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[[runners]]
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name = "virtualbox-runner"
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url = "https://gitlab.com/"
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token = "RUNNER_TOKEN"
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executor = "virtualbox"
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[runners.virtualbox]
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base_name = "my-vm"
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base_snapshot = "my-snapshot"
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```
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### SSH Executor
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```toml
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[[runners]]
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name = "ssh-runner"
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url = "https://gitlab.com/"
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token = "RUNNER_TOKEN"
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executor = "ssh"
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[runners.ssh]
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host = "example.com"
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port = "22"
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user = "gitlab-runner"
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password = "password"
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identity_file = "/home/user/.ssh/id_rsa"
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```
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## Configuration
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### Configuration File Location
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- **Linux**: `/etc/gitlab-runner/config.toml`
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- **macOS**: `~/.gitlab-runner/config.toml`
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- **Windows**: `C:\GitLab-Runner\config.toml`
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- **Docker**: `/etc/gitlab-runner/config.toml` (inside container)
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### Basic Configuration
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```toml
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concurrent = 4 # Max concurrent jobs
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check_interval = 0 # Check for new jobs (0 = default 3s)
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[session_server]
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session_timeout = 1800
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[[runners]]
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name = "my-runner"
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url = "https://gitlab.com/"
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token = "RUNNER_TOKEN"
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executor = "docker"
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[runners.custom_build_dir]
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enabled = true
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[runners.cache]
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Type = "s3"
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Path = "runner"
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Shared = true
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[runners.cache.s3]
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ServerAddress = "s3.amazonaws.com"
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AccessKey = "XXXX"
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SecretKey = "XXXX"
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BucketName = "runners-cache"
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BucketLocation = "us-east-1"
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[runners.docker]
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image = "alpine:latest"
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privileged = false
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disable_entrypoint_overwrite = false
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oom_kill_disable = false
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disable_cache = false
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volumes = ["/cache"]
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shm_size = 0
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```
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### Docker Executor Configuration
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```toml
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[[runners]]
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name = "docker-runner"
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url = "https://gitlab.com/"
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token = "RUNNER_TOKEN"
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executor = "docker"
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[runners.docker]
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# Default Docker image
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image = "alpine:latest"
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# Run containers in privileged mode
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privileged = false
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# Disable cache
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disable_cache = false
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# Volumes to mount
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volumes = ["/cache", "/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock"]
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# Shared memory size
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shm_size = 0
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# Pull policy
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pull_policy = ["if-not-present"]
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# Network mode
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network_mode = "bridge"
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# DNS servers
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dns = ["8.8.8.8"]
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# CPU limit
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cpus = "2"
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# Memory limit
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memory = "2g"
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# Memory swap limit
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memory_swap = "4g"
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# OOM kill disable
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oom_kill_disable = false
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# Extra hosts
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extra_hosts = ["gitlab.example.com:192.168.1.1"]
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# Helper image
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helper_image = "gitlab/gitlab-runner-helper:latest"
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# Allow services
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allowed_images = ["ruby:*", "python:*"]
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allowed_services = ["postgres:*", "redis:*"]
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```
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## Runner Management
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### Commands
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```bash
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# Start runner
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gitlab-runner start
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# Stop runner
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gitlab-runner stop
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# Restart runner
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gitlab-runner restart
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# Status
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gitlab-runner status
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# Verify configuration
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gitlab-runner verify
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# List runners
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gitlab-runner list
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# Run single job
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gitlab-runner run-single
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# View version
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gitlab-runner --version
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```
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### Update Runner
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```bash
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# Linux
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sudo gitlab-runner stop
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sudo curl -L --output /usr/local/bin/gitlab-runner https://gitlab-runner-downloads.s3.amazonaws.com/latest/binaries/gitlab-runner-linux-amd64
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sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/gitlab-runner
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sudo gitlab-runner start
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# Docker
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docker pull gitlab/gitlab-runner:latest
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docker stop gitlab-runner && docker rm gitlab-runner
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# Re-create container with same configuration
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```
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### Runner API Management
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**List runners**:
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```bash
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curl --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <token>" "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/runners"
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```
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**Get runner details**:
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```bash
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curl --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <token>" "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/runners/:id"
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```
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**Update runner**:
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```bash
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curl --request PUT --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <token>" \
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"https://gitlab.com/api/v4/runners/:id" \
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--form "description=new-description" \
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--form "active=true" \
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--form "tag_list=docker,aws"
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```
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**Delete runner**:
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```bash
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curl --request DELETE --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <token>" \
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"https://gitlab.com/api/v4/runners/:id"
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```
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## Caching
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||||
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### Local Cache
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||||
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```toml
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[[runners]]
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executor = "docker"
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[runners.cache]
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Type = "local"
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Path = "/cache"
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Shared = true
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[runners.cache.local]
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```
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### S3 Cache
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||||
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```toml
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[[runners]]
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executor = "docker"
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[runners.cache]
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Type = "s3"
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Path = "runner"
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Shared = true
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[runners.cache.s3]
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ServerAddress = "s3.amazonaws.com"
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AccessKey = "AWS_ACCESS_KEY"
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SecretKey = "AWS_SECRET_KEY"
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||||
BucketName = "runners-cache"
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BucketLocation = "us-east-1"
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```
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||||
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||||
### Google Cloud Storage Cache
|
||||
|
||||
```toml
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[[runners]]
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executor = "docker"
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||||
[runners.cache]
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||||
Type = "gcs"
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||||
Path = "runner"
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||||
Shared = true
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||||
[runners.cache.gcs]
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AccessID = "cache-access-account@test-project-123456.iam.gserviceaccount.com"
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||||
PrivateKey = "/path/to/key.json"
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||||
BucketName = "runners-cache"
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||||
```
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||||
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||||
### Azure Cache
|
||||
|
||||
```toml
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||||
[[runners]]
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||||
executor = "docker"
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||||
[runners.cache]
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||||
Type = "azure"
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||||
Path = "runner"
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||||
Shared = true
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||||
[runners.cache.azure]
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AccountName = "account-name"
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||||
AccountKey = "account-key"
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||||
ContainerName = "runners-cache"
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||||
```
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||||
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||||
## Security
|
||||
|
||||
### Protected Runners
|
||||
|
||||
- Only run jobs on protected branches/tags
|
||||
- Configure in project/group settings
|
||||
- Prevents unauthorized job execution
|
||||
|
||||
```toml
|
||||
[[runners]]
|
||||
# Runner configuration
|
||||
access_level = "ref_protected"
|
||||
```
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||||
|
||||
### Locked Runners
|
||||
|
||||
- Prevents runner from being enabled for other projects
|
||||
- Useful for dedicated project runners
|
||||
|
||||
**Via UI**: Runner settings > Lock to current projects
|
||||
|
||||
**Via API**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
curl --request PUT --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: <token>" \
|
||||
"https://gitlab.com/api/v4/runners/:id" \
|
||||
--form "locked=true"
|
||||
```
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||||
|
||||
### Runner Tags
|
||||
|
||||
Control which runners execute which jobs:
|
||||
|
||||
**.gitlab-ci.yml**:
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
job-name:
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- docker
|
||||
- linux
|
||||
script:
|
||||
- echo "Running on tagged runner"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Runner configuration**:
|
||||
```toml
|
||||
[[runners]]
|
||||
name = "docker-linux-runner"
|
||||
# Tags assigned during registration or via config
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Privileged Mode
|
||||
|
||||
Allows Docker-in-Docker but has security implications:
|
||||
|
||||
```toml
|
||||
[[runners]]
|
||||
executor = "docker"
|
||||
[runners.docker]
|
||||
privileged = true # Use with caution
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Security considerations**:
|
||||
- Container escapes possible
|
||||
- Host system access
|
||||
- Use only when necessary
|
||||
- Prefer rootless Docker
|
||||
|
||||
## Monitoring
|
||||
|
||||
### Prometheus Metrics
|
||||
|
||||
Enable metrics in config:
|
||||
|
||||
```toml
|
||||
listen_address = ":9252"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Metrics endpoint**: `http://runner-host:9252/metrics`
|
||||
|
||||
**Key metrics**:
|
||||
- `gitlab_runner_jobs` - Running jobs
|
||||
- `gitlab_runner_job_duration_seconds` - Job duration
|
||||
- `gitlab_runner_errors_total` - Error count
|
||||
- `gitlab_runner_api_request_statuses_total` - API request statuses
|
||||
|
||||
### Logging
|
||||
|
||||
```toml
|
||||
# Logging level
|
||||
log_level = "info" # debug, info, warning, error, fatal, panic
|
||||
|
||||
# Log format
|
||||
log_format = "text" # text or json
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**View logs**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Service logs (systemd)
|
||||
sudo journalctl -u gitlab-runner -f
|
||||
|
||||
# Docker logs
|
||||
docker logs -f gitlab-runner
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Troubleshooting
|
||||
|
||||
### Common Issues
|
||||
|
||||
**1. Runner not picking up jobs**
|
||||
- Check runner is registered: `gitlab-runner verify`
|
||||
- Verify runner is active in GitLab UI
|
||||
- Check tags match job requirements
|
||||
- Ensure runner has capacity (concurrent jobs)
|
||||
|
||||
**2. Docker executor issues**
|
||||
- Verify Docker is running: `docker ps`
|
||||
- Check Docker socket permissions
|
||||
- Ensure Docker image is accessible
|
||||
- Check network connectivity
|
||||
|
||||
**3. Permission errors**
|
||||
- Check gitlab-runner user permissions
|
||||
- Verify working directory permissions
|
||||
- Check cache directory permissions
|
||||
|
||||
**4. Out of disk space**
|
||||
- Clear old Docker images: `docker system prune -a`
|
||||
- Check cache size
|
||||
- Monitor disk usage
|
||||
|
||||
**5. SSL certificate errors**
|
||||
- Add certificate to system: `gitlab-runner register --tls-ca-file=/path/to/ca.crt`
|
||||
- Or disable verification (not recommended): `tls_verify = false`
|
||||
|
||||
### Debug Mode
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Run in debug mode
|
||||
gitlab-runner --debug run
|
||||
|
||||
# Single job debug
|
||||
gitlab-runner --debug run-single
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Health Check
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Verify runner can connect to GitLab
|
||||
gitlab-runner verify
|
||||
|
||||
# Delete invalid runners
|
||||
gitlab-runner verify --delete
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Practices
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Runner Configuration
|
||||
|
||||
- Use Docker executor for isolation
|
||||
- Configure appropriate concurrent jobs limit
|
||||
- Set up distributed cache (S3, GCS)
|
||||
- Use helper image from registry
|
||||
- Configure resource limits
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Security
|
||||
|
||||
- Use protected runners for sensitive jobs
|
||||
- Lock runners to specific projects
|
||||
- Avoid privileged mode when possible
|
||||
- Rotate runner tokens regularly
|
||||
- Use runner tags effectively
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Performance
|
||||
|
||||
- Enable distributed caching
|
||||
- Use local Docker image cache
|
||||
- Configure appropriate timeout values
|
||||
- Monitor runner metrics
|
||||
- Scale runners based on load
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Maintenance
|
||||
|
||||
- Keep runners updated
|
||||
- Monitor disk space
|
||||
- Clean up old Docker images
|
||||
- Review runner logs regularly
|
||||
- Set up alerts for runner failures
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. High Availability
|
||||
|
||||
- Deploy multiple runners
|
||||
- Use auto-scaling (Docker Machine, Kubernetes)
|
||||
- Configure health checks
|
||||
- Implement monitoring
|
||||
- Plan for failover
|
||||
|
||||
## Auto-Scaling
|
||||
|
||||
### Docker Machine Auto-Scaling
|
||||
|
||||
```toml
|
||||
[[runners]]
|
||||
limit = 10 # Maximum runners
|
||||
executor = "docker+machine"
|
||||
|
||||
[runners.machine]
|
||||
IdleCount = 2 # Idle machines to keep
|
||||
IdleTime = 600 # Seconds before removing idle machine
|
||||
MaxBuilds = 100 # Max builds per machine before removal
|
||||
MachineDriver = "amazonec2"
|
||||
MachineName = "gitlab-docker-machine-%s"
|
||||
MachineOptions = [
|
||||
"amazonec2-instance-type=t2.medium",
|
||||
"amazonec2-region=us-east-1",
|
||||
"amazonec2-vpc-id=vpc-xxxxx",
|
||||
"amazonec2-subnet-id=subnet-xxxxx",
|
||||
"amazonec2-zone=a",
|
||||
"amazonec2-security-group=gitlab-runner"
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
# Periods when auto-scaling is active
|
||||
[[runners.machine.autoscaling]]
|
||||
Periods = ["* * 9-17 * * mon-fri *"] # Business hours
|
||||
IdleCount = 5
|
||||
IdleTime = 600
|
||||
Timezone = "America/New_York"
|
||||
|
||||
[[runners.machine.autoscaling]]
|
||||
Periods = ["* * * * * sat,sun *"] # Weekends
|
||||
IdleCount = 1
|
||||
IdleTime = 300
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Kubernetes Auto-Scaling
|
||||
|
||||
Kubernetes handles scaling automatically based on resource requests.
|
||||
|
||||
## Additional Resources
|
||||
|
||||
- Official Runner Documentation: https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/
|
||||
- Runner Executors: https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/
|
||||
- Advanced Configuration: https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/configuration/
|
||||
- Auto-scaling: https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/configuration/autoscale.html
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user