Initial commit
This commit is contained in:
Zhongwei Li
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# Kubernetes Deployment Specification Reference
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Comprehensive reference for Kubernetes Deployment resources, covering all key fields, best practices, and common patterns.
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## Overview
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A Deployment provides declarative updates for Pods and ReplicaSets. It manages the desired state of your application, handling rollouts, rollbacks, and scaling operations.
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## Complete Deployment Specification
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```yaml
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apiVersion: apps/v1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: my-app
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namespace: production
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labels:
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app.kubernetes.io/name: my-app
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app.kubernetes.io/version: "1.0.0"
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app.kubernetes.io/component: backend
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app.kubernetes.io/part-of: my-system
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annotations:
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description: "Main application deployment"
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contact: "backend-team@example.com"
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spec:
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# Replica management
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replicas: 3
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revisionHistoryLimit: 10
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# Pod selection
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selector:
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matchLabels:
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app: my-app
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version: v1
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# Update strategy
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strategy:
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type: RollingUpdate
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rollingUpdate:
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maxSurge: 1
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maxUnavailable: 0
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# Minimum time for pod to be ready
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minReadySeconds: 10
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# Deployment will fail if it doesn't progress in this time
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progressDeadlineSeconds: 600
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# Pod template
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: my-app
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version: v1
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annotations:
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prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
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prometheus.io/port: "9090"
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spec:
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# Service account for RBAC
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serviceAccountName: my-app
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# Security context for the pod
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securityContext:
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runAsNonRoot: true
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runAsUser: 1000
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fsGroup: 1000
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seccompProfile:
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type: RuntimeDefault
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# Init containers run before main containers
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initContainers:
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- name: init-db
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image: busybox:1.36
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command: ['sh', '-c', 'until nc -z db-service 5432; do sleep 1; done']
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securityContext:
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allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
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runAsNonRoot: true
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runAsUser: 1000
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# Main containers
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containers:
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- name: app
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image: myapp:1.0.0
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imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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# Container ports
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ports:
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- name: http
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containerPort: 8080
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protocol: TCP
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- name: metrics
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containerPort: 9090
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protocol: TCP
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# Environment variables
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env:
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- name: POD_NAME
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valueFrom:
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fieldRef:
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fieldPath: metadata.name
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- name: POD_NAMESPACE
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valueFrom:
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fieldRef:
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fieldPath: metadata.namespace
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- name: DATABASE_URL
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valueFrom:
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secretKeyRef:
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name: db-credentials
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key: url
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# ConfigMap and Secret references
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envFrom:
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- configMapRef:
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name: app-config
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- secretRef:
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name: app-secrets
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# Resource requests and limits
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resources:
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requests:
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memory: "256Mi"
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cpu: "250m"
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limits:
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memory: "512Mi"
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cpu: "500m"
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# Liveness probe
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livenessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /health/live
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port: http
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httpHeaders:
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- name: Custom-Header
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value: Awesome
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initialDelaySeconds: 30
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periodSeconds: 10
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timeoutSeconds: 5
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successThreshold: 1
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failureThreshold: 3
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# Readiness probe
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readinessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /health/ready
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port: http
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initialDelaySeconds: 5
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periodSeconds: 5
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timeoutSeconds: 3
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successThreshold: 1
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failureThreshold: 3
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# Startup probe (for slow-starting containers)
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startupProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /health/startup
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port: http
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initialDelaySeconds: 0
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periodSeconds: 10
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timeoutSeconds: 3
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successThreshold: 1
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failureThreshold: 30
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# Volume mounts
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volumeMounts:
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- name: data
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mountPath: /var/lib/app
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- name: config
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mountPath: /etc/app
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readOnly: true
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- name: tmp
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mountPath: /tmp
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# Security context for container
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securityContext:
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allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
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readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
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runAsNonRoot: true
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runAsUser: 1000
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capabilities:
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drop:
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- ALL
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# Lifecycle hooks
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lifecycle:
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postStart:
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exec:
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command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo Container started > /tmp/started"]
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preStop:
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exec:
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command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "sleep 15"]
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# Volumes
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volumes:
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- name: data
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persistentVolumeClaim:
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claimName: app-data
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- name: config
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configMap:
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name: app-config
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- name: tmp
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emptyDir: {}
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# DNS configuration
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dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
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dnsConfig:
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options:
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- name: ndots
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value: "2"
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# Scheduling
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nodeSelector:
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disktype: ssd
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affinity:
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podAntiAffinity:
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preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
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- weight: 100
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podAffinityTerm:
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labelSelector:
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matchExpressions:
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- key: app
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operator: In
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values:
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- my-app
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topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
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tolerations:
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- key: "app"
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operator: "Equal"
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value: "my-app"
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effect: "NoSchedule"
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# Termination
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terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
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# Image pull secrets
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imagePullSecrets:
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- name: regcred
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```
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## Field Reference
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### Metadata Fields
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#### Required Fields
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- `apiVersion`: `apps/v1` (current stable version)
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- `kind`: `Deployment`
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- `metadata.name`: Unique name within namespace
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#### Recommended Metadata
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- `metadata.namespace`: Target namespace (defaults to `default`)
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- `metadata.labels`: Key-value pairs for organization
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- `metadata.annotations`: Non-identifying metadata
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### Spec Fields
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#### Replica Management
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**`replicas`** (integer, default: 1)
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- Number of desired pod instances
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- Best practice: Use 3+ for production high availability
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- Can be scaled manually or via HorizontalPodAutoscaler
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**`revisionHistoryLimit`** (integer, default: 10)
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- Number of old ReplicaSets to retain for rollback
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- Set to 0 to disable rollback capability
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- Reduces storage overhead for long-running deployments
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#### Update Strategy
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**`strategy.type`** (string)
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- `RollingUpdate` (default): Gradual pod replacement
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- `Recreate`: Delete all pods before creating new ones
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**`strategy.rollingUpdate.maxSurge`** (int or percent, default: 25%)
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- Maximum pods above desired replicas during update
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- Example: With 3 replicas and maxSurge=1, up to 4 pods during update
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**`strategy.rollingUpdate.maxUnavailable`** (int or percent, default: 25%)
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- Maximum pods below desired replicas during update
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- Set to 0 for zero-downtime deployments
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- Cannot be 0 if maxSurge is 0
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**Best practices:**
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```yaml
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# Zero-downtime deployment
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strategy:
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type: RollingUpdate
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rollingUpdate:
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maxSurge: 1
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maxUnavailable: 0
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# Fast deployment (can have brief downtime)
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strategy:
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type: RollingUpdate
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rollingUpdate:
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maxSurge: 2
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maxUnavailable: 1
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# Complete replacement
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strategy:
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type: Recreate
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```
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#### Pod Template
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**`template.metadata.labels`**
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- Must include labels matching `spec.selector.matchLabels`
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- Add version labels for blue/green deployments
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- Include standard Kubernetes labels
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**`template.spec.containers`** (required)
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- Array of container specifications
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- At least one container required
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- Each container needs unique name
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#### Container Configuration
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**Image Management:**
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```yaml
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containers:
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- name: app
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image: registry.example.com/myapp:1.0.0
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imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent # or Always, Never
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```
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Image pull policies:
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- `IfNotPresent`: Pull if not cached (default for tagged images)
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- `Always`: Always pull (default for :latest)
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- `Never`: Never pull, fail if not cached
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**Port Declarations:**
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```yaml
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ports:
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- name: http # Named for referencing in Service
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containerPort: 8080
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protocol: TCP # TCP (default), UDP, or SCTP
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hostPort: 8080 # Optional: Bind to host port (rarely used)
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```
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#### Resource Management
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**Requests vs Limits:**
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```yaml
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resources:
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requests:
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memory: "256Mi" # Guaranteed resources
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cpu: "250m" # 0.25 CPU cores
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limits:
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memory: "512Mi" # Maximum allowed
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cpu: "500m" # 0.5 CPU cores
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```
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**QoS Classes (determined automatically):**
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1. **Guaranteed**: requests = limits for all containers
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- Highest priority
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- Last to be evicted
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2. **Burstable**: requests < limits or only requests set
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- Medium priority
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- Evicted before Guaranteed
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3. **BestEffort**: No requests or limits set
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- Lowest priority
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- First to be evicted
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**Best practices:**
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- Always set requests in production
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- Set limits to prevent resource monopolization
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- Memory limits should be 1.5-2x requests
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- CPU limits can be higher for bursty workloads
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#### Health Checks
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**Probe Types:**
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1. **startupProbe** - For slow-starting applications
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```yaml
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startupProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /health/startup
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port: 8080
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initialDelaySeconds: 0
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periodSeconds: 10
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failureThreshold: 30 # 5 minutes to start (10s * 30)
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```
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2. **livenessProbe** - Restarts unhealthy containers
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```yaml
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livenessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /health/live
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port: 8080
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initialDelaySeconds: 30
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periodSeconds: 10
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timeoutSeconds: 5
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failureThreshold: 3 # Restart after 3 failures
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```
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3. **readinessProbe** - Controls traffic routing
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```yaml
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readinessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /health/ready
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port: 8080
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initialDelaySeconds: 5
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periodSeconds: 5
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failureThreshold: 3 # Remove from service after 3 failures
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```
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**Probe Mechanisms:**
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```yaml
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# HTTP GET
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httpGet:
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path: /health
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port: 8080
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httpHeaders:
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- name: Authorization
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value: Bearer token
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# TCP Socket
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tcpSocket:
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port: 3306
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# Command execution
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exec:
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command:
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- cat
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- /tmp/healthy
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# gRPC (Kubernetes 1.24+)
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grpc:
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port: 9090
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service: my.service.health.v1.Health
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```
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**Probe Timing Parameters:**
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- `initialDelaySeconds`: Wait before first probe
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- `periodSeconds`: How often to probe
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- `timeoutSeconds`: Probe timeout
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- `successThreshold`: Successes needed to mark healthy (1 for liveness/startup)
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- `failureThreshold`: Failures before taking action
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#### Security Context
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||||
|
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**Pod-level security context:**
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||||
```yaml
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spec:
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securityContext:
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runAsNonRoot: true
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runAsUser: 1000
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runAsGroup: 1000
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fsGroup: 1000
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fsGroupChangePolicy: OnRootMismatch
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seccompProfile:
|
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type: RuntimeDefault
|
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```
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|
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**Container-level security context:**
|
||||
```yaml
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containers:
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- name: app
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securityContext:
|
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allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
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readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
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runAsNonRoot: true
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runAsUser: 1000
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capabilities:
|
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drop:
|
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- ALL
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||||
add:
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- NET_BIND_SERVICE # Only if needed
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```
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|
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**Security best practices:**
|
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- Always run as non-root (`runAsNonRoot: true`)
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- Drop all capabilities and add only needed ones
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- Use read-only root filesystem when possible
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- Enable seccomp profile
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||||
- Disable privilege escalation
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||||
|
||||
#### Volumes
|
||||
|
||||
**Volume Types:**
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
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||||
volumes:
|
||||
# PersistentVolumeClaim
|
||||
- name: data
|
||||
persistentVolumeClaim:
|
||||
claimName: app-data
|
||||
|
||||
# ConfigMap
|
||||
- name: config
|
||||
configMap:
|
||||
name: app-config
|
||||
items:
|
||||
- key: app.properties
|
||||
path: application.properties
|
||||
|
||||
# Secret
|
||||
- name: secrets
|
||||
secret:
|
||||
secretName: app-secrets
|
||||
defaultMode: 0400
|
||||
|
||||
# EmptyDir (ephemeral)
|
||||
- name: cache
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||||
emptyDir:
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||||
sizeLimit: 1Gi
|
||||
|
||||
# HostPath (avoid in production)
|
||||
- name: host-data
|
||||
hostPath:
|
||||
path: /data
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||||
type: DirectoryOrCreate
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Scheduling
|
||||
|
||||
**Node Selection:**
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
# Simple node selector
|
||||
nodeSelector:
|
||||
disktype: ssd
|
||||
zone: us-west-1a
|
||||
|
||||
# Node affinity (more expressive)
|
||||
affinity:
|
||||
nodeAffinity:
|
||||
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
|
||||
nodeSelectorTerms:
|
||||
- matchExpressions:
|
||||
- key: kubernetes.io/arch
|
||||
operator: In
|
||||
values:
|
||||
- amd64
|
||||
- arm64
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Pod Affinity/Anti-Affinity:**
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
# Spread pods across nodes
|
||||
affinity:
|
||||
podAntiAffinity:
|
||||
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
|
||||
- labelSelector:
|
||||
matchLabels:
|
||||
app: my-app
|
||||
topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
|
||||
|
||||
# Co-locate with database
|
||||
affinity:
|
||||
podAffinity:
|
||||
preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
|
||||
- weight: 100
|
||||
podAffinityTerm:
|
||||
labelSelector:
|
||||
matchLabels:
|
||||
app: database
|
||||
topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Tolerations:**
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
tolerations:
|
||||
- key: "node.kubernetes.io/unreachable"
|
||||
operator: "Exists"
|
||||
effect: "NoExecute"
|
||||
tolerationSeconds: 30
|
||||
- key: "dedicated"
|
||||
operator: "Equal"
|
||||
value: "database"
|
||||
effect: "NoSchedule"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Common Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
### High Availability Deployment
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
replicas: 3
|
||||
strategy:
|
||||
type: RollingUpdate
|
||||
rollingUpdate:
|
||||
maxSurge: 1
|
||||
maxUnavailable: 0
|
||||
template:
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
affinity:
|
||||
podAntiAffinity:
|
||||
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
|
||||
- labelSelector:
|
||||
matchLabels:
|
||||
app: my-app
|
||||
topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
|
||||
topologySpreadConstraints:
|
||||
- maxSkew: 1
|
||||
topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone
|
||||
whenUnsatisfiable: DoNotSchedule
|
||||
labelSelector:
|
||||
matchLabels:
|
||||
app: my-app
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Sidecar Container Pattern
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
template:
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
containers:
|
||||
- name: app
|
||||
image: myapp:1.0.0
|
||||
volumeMounts:
|
||||
- name: shared-logs
|
||||
mountPath: /var/log
|
||||
- name: log-forwarder
|
||||
image: fluent-bit:2.0
|
||||
volumeMounts:
|
||||
- name: shared-logs
|
||||
mountPath: /var/log
|
||||
readOnly: true
|
||||
volumes:
|
||||
- name: shared-logs
|
||||
emptyDir: {}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Init Container for Dependencies
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
template:
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
initContainers:
|
||||
- name: wait-for-db
|
||||
image: busybox:1.36
|
||||
command:
|
||||
- sh
|
||||
- -c
|
||||
- |
|
||||
until nc -z database-service 5432; do
|
||||
echo "Waiting for database..."
|
||||
sleep 2
|
||||
done
|
||||
- name: run-migrations
|
||||
image: myapp:1.0.0
|
||||
command: ["./migrate", "up"]
|
||||
env:
|
||||
- name: DATABASE_URL
|
||||
valueFrom:
|
||||
secretKeyRef:
|
||||
name: db-credentials
|
||||
key: url
|
||||
containers:
|
||||
- name: app
|
||||
image: myapp:1.0.0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Practices
|
||||
|
||||
### Production Checklist
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] Set resource requests and limits
|
||||
- [ ] Implement all three probe types (startup, liveness, readiness)
|
||||
- [ ] Use specific image tags (not :latest)
|
||||
- [ ] Configure security context (non-root, read-only filesystem)
|
||||
- [ ] Set replica count >= 3 for HA
|
||||
- [ ] Configure pod anti-affinity for spread
|
||||
- [ ] Set appropriate update strategy (maxUnavailable: 0 for zero-downtime)
|
||||
- [ ] Use ConfigMaps and Secrets for configuration
|
||||
- [ ] Add standard labels and annotations
|
||||
- [ ] Configure graceful shutdown (preStop hook, terminationGracePeriodSeconds)
|
||||
- [ ] Set revisionHistoryLimit for rollback capability
|
||||
- [ ] Use ServiceAccount with minimal RBAC permissions
|
||||
|
||||
### Performance Tuning
|
||||
|
||||
**Fast startup:**
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
minReadySeconds: 5
|
||||
strategy:
|
||||
rollingUpdate:
|
||||
maxSurge: 2
|
||||
maxUnavailable: 1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Zero-downtime updates:**
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
minReadySeconds: 10
|
||||
strategy:
|
||||
rollingUpdate:
|
||||
maxSurge: 1
|
||||
maxUnavailable: 0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Graceful shutdown:**
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
template:
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 60
|
||||
containers:
|
||||
- name: app
|
||||
lifecycle:
|
||||
preStop:
|
||||
exec:
|
||||
command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "sleep 15 && kill -SIGTERM 1"]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Troubleshooting
|
||||
|
||||
### Common Issues
|
||||
|
||||
**Pods not starting:**
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
kubectl describe deployment <name>
|
||||
kubectl get pods -l app=<app-name>
|
||||
kubectl describe pod <pod-name>
|
||||
kubectl logs <pod-name>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**ImagePullBackOff:**
|
||||
- Check image name and tag
|
||||
- Verify imagePullSecrets
|
||||
- Check registry credentials
|
||||
|
||||
**CrashLoopBackOff:**
|
||||
- Check container logs
|
||||
- Verify liveness probe is not too aggressive
|
||||
- Check resource limits
|
||||
- Verify application dependencies
|
||||
|
||||
**Deployment stuck in progress:**
|
||||
- Check progressDeadlineSeconds
|
||||
- Verify readiness probes
|
||||
- Check resource availability
|
||||
|
||||
## Related Resources
|
||||
|
||||
- [Kubernetes Deployment API Reference](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/v1.28/#deployment-v1-apps)
|
||||
- [Pod Security Standards](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/)
|
||||
- [Resource Management](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-resources-containers/)
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user