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+# Citation Validation Guide
+
+Comprehensive guide to validating citation accuracy, completeness, and formatting in BibTeX files.
+
+## Overview
+
+Citation validation ensures:
+- All citations are accurate and complete
+- DOIs resolve correctly
+- Required fields are present
+- No duplicate entries
+- Proper formatting and syntax
+- Links are accessible
+
+Validation should be performed:
+- After extracting metadata
+- Before manuscript submission
+- After manual edits to BibTeX files
+- Periodically for maintained bibliographies
+
+## Validation Categories
+
+### 1. DOI Verification
+
+**Purpose**: Ensure DOIs are valid and resolve correctly.
+
+#### What to Check
+
+**DOI format**:
+```
+Valid:   10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2
+Valid:   10.1126/science.aam9317
+Invalid: 10.1038/invalid
+Invalid: doi:10.1038/... (should omit "doi:" prefix in BibTeX)
+```
+
+**DOI resolution**:
+- DOI should resolve via https://doi.org/
+- Should redirect to actual article
+- Should not return 404 or error
+
+**Metadata consistency**:
+- CrossRef metadata should match BibTeX
+- Author names should align
+- Title should match
+- Year should match
+
+#### How to Validate
+
+**Manual check**:
+1. Copy DOI from BibTeX
+2. Visit https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12345
+3. Verify it redirects to correct article
+4. Check metadata matches
+
+**Automated check** (recommended):
+```bash
+python scripts/validate_citations.py references.bib --check-dois
+```
+
+**Process**:
+1. Extract all DOIs from BibTeX file
+2. Query doi.org resolver for each
+3. Query CrossRef API for metadata
+4. Compare metadata with BibTeX entry
+5. Report discrepancies
+
+#### Common Issues
+
+**Broken DOIs**:
+- Typos in DOI
+- Publisher changed DOI (rare)
+- Article retracted
+- Solution: Find correct DOI from publisher site
+
+**Mismatched metadata**:
+- BibTeX has old/incorrect information
+- Solution: Re-extract metadata from CrossRef
+
+**Missing DOIs**:
+- Older articles may not have DOIs
+- Acceptable for pre-2000 publications
+- Add URL or PMID instead
+
+### 2. Required Fields
+
+**Purpose**: Ensure all necessary information is present.
+
+#### Required by Entry Type
+
+**@article**:
+```bibtex
+author   % REQUIRED
+title    % REQUIRED
+journal  % REQUIRED
+year     % REQUIRED
+volume   % Highly recommended
+pages    % Highly recommended
+doi      % Highly recommended for modern papers
+```
+
+**@book**:
+```bibtex
+author OR editor  % REQUIRED (at least one)
+title            % REQUIRED
+publisher        % REQUIRED
+year             % REQUIRED
+isbn             % Recommended
+```
+
+**@inproceedings**:
+```bibtex
+author     % REQUIRED
+title      % REQUIRED
+booktitle  % REQUIRED (conference/proceedings name)
+year       % REQUIRED
+pages      % Recommended
+```
+
+**@incollection** (book chapter):
+```bibtex
+author     % REQUIRED
+title      % REQUIRED (chapter title)
+booktitle  % REQUIRED (book title)
+publisher  % REQUIRED
+year       % REQUIRED
+editor     % Recommended
+pages      % Recommended
+```
+
+**@phdthesis**:
+```bibtex
+author  % REQUIRED
+title   % REQUIRED
+school  % REQUIRED
+year    % REQUIRED
+```
+
+**@misc** (preprints, datasets, etc.):
+```bibtex
+author  % REQUIRED
+title   % REQUIRED
+year    % REQUIRED
+howpublished  % Recommended (bioRxiv, Zenodo, etc.)
+doi OR url    % At least one required
+```
+
+#### Validation Script
+
+```bash
+python scripts/validate_citations.py references.bib --check-required-fields
+```
+
+**Output**:
+```
+Error: Entry 'Smith2024' missing required field 'journal'
+Error: Entry 'Doe2023' missing required field 'year'
+Warning: Entry 'Jones2022' missing recommended field 'volume'
+```
+
+### 3. Author Name Formatting
+
+**Purpose**: Ensure consistent, correct author name formatting.
+
+#### Proper Format
+
+**Recommended BibTeX format**:
+```bibtex
+author = {Last1, First1 and Last2, First2 and Last3, First3}
+```
+
+**Examples**:
+```bibtex
+% Correct
+author = {Smith, John}
+author = {Smith, John A.}
+author = {Smith, John Andrew}
+author = {Smith, John and Doe, Jane}
+author = {Smith, John and Doe, Jane and Johnson, Mary}
+
+% For many authors
+author = {Smith, John and Doe, Jane and others}
+
+% Incorrect
+author = {John Smith}  % First Last format (not recommended)
+author = {Smith, J.; Doe, J.}  % Semicolon separator (wrong)
+author = {Smith J, Doe J}  % Missing commas
+```
+
+#### Special Cases
+
+**Suffixes (Jr., III, etc.)**:
+```bibtex
+author = {King, Jr., Martin Luther}
+```
+
+**Multiple surnames (hyphenated)**:
+```bibtex
+author = {Smith-Jones, Mary}
+```
+
+**Van, von, de, etc.**:
+```bibtex
+author = {van der Waals, Johannes}
+author = {de Broglie, Louis}
+```
+
+**Organizations as authors**:
+```bibtex
+author = {{World Health Organization}}
+% Double braces treat as single author
+```
+
+#### Validation Checks
+
+**Automated validation**:
+```bash
+python scripts/validate_citations.py references.bib --check-authors
+```
+
+**Checks for**:
+- Proper separator (and, not &, ; , etc.)
+- Comma placement
+- Empty author fields
+- Malformed names
+
+### 4. Data Consistency
+
+**Purpose**: Ensure all fields contain valid, reasonable values.
+
+#### Year Validation
+
+**Valid years**:
+```bibtex
+year = {2024}    % Current/recent
+year = {1953}    % Watson & Crick DNA structure (historical)
+year = {1665}    % Hooke's Micrographia (very old)
+```
+
+**Invalid years**:
+```bibtex
+year = {24}      % Two digits (ambiguous)
+year = {202}     % Typo
+year = {2025}    % Future (unless accepted/in press)
+year = {0}       % Obviously wrong
+```
+
+**Check**:
+- Four digits
+- Reasonable range (1600-current+1)
+- Not all zeros
+
+#### Volume/Number Validation
+
+```bibtex
+volume = {123}      % Numeric
+volume = {12}       % Valid
+number = {3}        % Valid
+number = {S1}       % Supplement issue (valid)
+```
+
+**Invalid**:
+```bibtex
+volume = {Vol. 123}  % Should be just number
+number = {Issue 3}   % Should be just number
+```
+
+#### Page Range Validation
+
+**Correct format**:
+```bibtex
+pages = {123--145}    % En-dash (two hyphens)
+pages = {e0123456}    % PLOS-style article ID
+pages = {123}         % Single page
+```
+
+**Incorrect format**:
+```bibtex
+pages = {123-145}     % Single hyphen (use --)
+pages = {pp. 123-145} % Remove "pp."
+pages = {123–145}     % Unicode en-dash (may cause issues)
+```
+
+#### URL Validation
+
+**Check**:
+- URLs are accessible (return 200 status)
+- HTTPS when available
+- No obvious typos
+- Permanent links (not temporary)
+
+**Valid**:
+```bibtex
+url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12345}
+url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.14030}
+```
+
+**Questionable**:
+```bibtex
+url = {http://...}  % HTTP instead of HTTPS
+url = {file:///...} % Local file path
+url = {bit.ly/...}  % URL shortener (not permanent)
+```
+
+### 5. Duplicate Detection
+
+**Purpose**: Find and remove duplicate entries.
+
+#### Types of Duplicates
+
+**Exact duplicates** (same DOI):
+```bibtex
+@article{Smith2024a,
+  doi = {10.1038/nature12345},
+  ...
+}
+
+@article{Smith2024b,
+  doi = {10.1038/nature12345},  % Same DOI!
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+**Near duplicates** (similar title/authors):
+```bibtex
+@article{Smith2024,
+  title = {Machine Learning for Drug Discovery},
+  ...
+}
+
+@article{Smith2024method,
+  title = {Machine learning for drug discovery},  % Same, different case
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+**Preprint + Published**:
+```bibtex
+@misc{Smith2023arxiv,
+  title = {AlphaFold Results},
+  howpublished = {arXiv},
+  ...
+}
+
+@article{Smith2024,
+  title = {AlphaFold Results},  % Same paper, now published
+  journal = {Nature},
+  ...
+}
+% Keep published version only
+```
+
+#### Detection Methods
+
+**By DOI** (most reliable):
+- Same DOI = exact duplicate
+- Keep one, remove other
+
+**By title similarity**:
+- Normalize: lowercase, remove punctuation
+- Calculate similarity (e.g., Levenshtein distance)
+- Flag if >90% similar
+
+**By author-year-title**:
+- Same first author + year + similar title
+- Likely duplicate
+
+**Automated detection**:
+```bash
+python scripts/validate_citations.py references.bib --check-duplicates
+```
+
+**Output**:
+```
+Warning: Possible duplicate entries:
+  - Smith2024a (DOI: 10.1038/nature12345)
+  - Smith2024b (DOI: 10.1038/nature12345)
+  Recommendation: Keep one entry, remove the other.
+```
+
+### 6. Format and Syntax
+
+**Purpose**: Ensure valid BibTeX syntax.
+
+#### Common Syntax Errors
+
+**Missing commas**:
+```bibtex
+@article{Smith2024,
+  author = {Smith, John}   % Missing comma!
+  title = {Title}
+}
+% Should be:
+  author = {Smith, John},  % Comma after each field
+```
+
+**Unbalanced braces**:
+```bibtex
+title = {Title with {Protected} Text  % Missing closing brace
+% Should be:
+title = {Title with {Protected} Text}
+```
+
+**Missing closing brace for entry**:
+```bibtex
+@article{Smith2024,
+  author = {Smith, John},
+  title = {Title}
+  % Missing closing brace!
+% Should end with:
+}
+```
+
+**Invalid characters in keys**:
+```bibtex
+@article{Smith&Doe2024,  % & not allowed in key
+  ...
+}
+% Use:
+@article{SmithDoe2024,
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+#### BibTeX Syntax Rules
+
+**Entry structure**:
+```bibtex
+@TYPE{citationkey,
+  field1 = {value1},
+  field2 = {value2},
+  ...
+  fieldN = {valueN}
+}
+```
+
+**Citation keys**:
+- Alphanumeric and some punctuation (-, _, ., :)
+- No spaces
+- Case-sensitive
+- Unique within file
+
+**Field values**:
+- Enclosed in {braces} or "quotes"
+- Braces preferred for complex text
+- Numbers can be unquoted: `year = 2024`
+
+**Special characters**:
+- `{` and `}` for grouping
+- `\` for LaTeX commands
+- Protect capitalization: `{AlphaFold}`
+- Accents: `{\"u}`, `{\'e}`, `{\aa}`
+
+#### Validation
+
+```bash
+python scripts/validate_citations.py references.bib --check-syntax
+```
+
+**Checks**:
+- Valid BibTeX structure
+- Balanced braces
+- Proper commas
+- Valid entry types
+- Unique citation keys
+
+## Validation Workflow
+
+### Step 1: Basic Validation
+
+Run comprehensive validation:
+
+```bash
+python scripts/validate_citations.py references.bib
+```
+
+**Checks all**:
+- DOI resolution
+- Required fields
+- Author formatting
+- Data consistency
+- Duplicates
+- Syntax
+
+### Step 2: Review Report
+
+Examine validation report:
+
+```json
+{
+  "total_entries": 150,
+  "valid_entries": 140,
+  "errors": [
+    {
+      "entry": "Smith2024",
+      "error": "missing_required_field",
+      "field": "journal",
+      "severity": "high"
+    },
+    {
+      "entry": "Doe2023",
+      "error": "invalid_doi",
+      "doi": "10.1038/broken",
+      "severity": "high"
+    }
+  ],
+  "warnings": [
+    {
+      "entry": "Jones2022",
+      "warning": "missing_recommended_field",
+      "field": "volume",
+      "severity": "medium"
+    }
+  ],
+  "duplicates": [
+    {
+      "entries": ["Smith2024a", "Smith2024b"],
+      "reason": "same_doi",
+      "doi": "10.1038/nature12345"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### Step 3: Fix Issues
+
+**High-priority** (errors):
+1. Add missing required fields
+2. Fix broken DOIs
+3. Remove duplicates
+4. Correct syntax errors
+
+**Medium-priority** (warnings):
+1. Add recommended fields
+2. Improve author formatting
+3. Fix page ranges
+
+**Low-priority**:
+1. Standardize formatting
+2. Add URLs for accessibility
+
+### Step 4: Auto-Fix
+
+Use auto-fix for safe corrections:
+
+```bash
+python scripts/validate_citations.py references.bib \
+  --auto-fix \
+  --output fixed_references.bib
+```
+
+**Auto-fix can**:
+- Fix page range format (- to --)
+- Remove "pp." from pages
+- Standardize author separators
+- Fix common syntax errors
+- Normalize field order
+
+**Auto-fix cannot**:
+- Add missing information
+- Find correct DOIs
+- Determine which duplicate to keep
+- Fix semantic errors
+
+### Step 5: Manual Review
+
+Review auto-fixed file:
+```bash
+# Check what changed
+diff references.bib fixed_references.bib
+
+# Review specific entries that had errors
+grep -A 10 "Smith2024" fixed_references.bib
+```
+
+### Step 6: Re-Validate
+
+Validate after fixes:
+
+```bash
+python scripts/validate_citations.py fixed_references.bib --verbose
+```
+
+Should show:
+```
+✓ All DOIs valid
+✓ All required fields present
+✓ No duplicates found
+✓ Syntax valid
+✓ 150/150 entries valid
+```
+
+## Validation Checklist
+
+Use this checklist before final submission:
+
+### DOI Validation
+- [ ] All DOIs resolve correctly
+- [ ] Metadata matches between BibTeX and CrossRef
+- [ ] No broken or invalid DOIs
+
+### Completeness
+- [ ] All entries have required fields
+- [ ] Modern papers (2000+) have DOIs
+- [ ] Authors properly formatted
+- [ ] Journals/conferences properly named
+
+### Consistency
+- [ ] Years are 4-digit numbers
+- [ ] Page ranges use -- not -
+- [ ] Volume/number are numeric
+- [ ] URLs are accessible
+
+### Duplicates
+- [ ] No entries with same DOI
+- [ ] No near-duplicate titles
+- [ ] Preprints updated to published versions
+
+### Formatting
+- [ ] Valid BibTeX syntax
+- [ ] Balanced braces
+- [ ] Proper commas
+- [ ] Unique citation keys
+
+### Final Checks
+- [ ] Bibliography compiles without errors
+- [ ] All citations in text appear in bibliography
+- [ ] All bibliography entries cited in text
+- [ ] Citation style matches journal requirements
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### 1. Validate Early and Often
+
+```bash
+# After extraction
+python scripts/extract_metadata.py --doi ... --output refs.bib
+python scripts/validate_citations.py refs.bib
+
+# After manual edits
+python scripts/validate_citations.py refs.bib
+
+# Before submission
+python scripts/validate_citations.py refs.bib --strict
+```
+
+### 2. Use Automated Tools
+
+Don't validate manually - use scripts:
+- Faster
+- More comprehensive
+- Catches errors humans miss
+- Generates reports
+
+### 3. Keep Backup
+
+```bash
+# Before auto-fix
+cp references.bib references_backup.bib
+
+# Run auto-fix
+python scripts/validate_citations.py references.bib \
+  --auto-fix \
+  --output references_fixed.bib
+
+# Review changes
+diff references.bib references_fixed.bib
+
+# If satisfied, replace
+mv references_fixed.bib references.bib
+```
+
+### 4. Fix High-Priority First
+
+**Priority order**:
+1. Syntax errors (prevent compilation)
+2. Missing required fields (incomplete citations)
+3. Broken DOIs (broken links)
+4. Duplicates (confusion, wasted space)
+5. Missing recommended fields
+6. Formatting inconsistencies
+
+### 5. Document Exceptions
+
+For entries that can't be fixed:
+
+```bibtex
+@article{Old1950,
+  author = {Smith, John},
+  title = {Title},
+  journal = {Obscure Journal},
+  year = {1950},
+  volume = {12},
+  pages = {34--56},
+  note = {DOI not available for publications before 2000}
+}
+```
+
+### 6. Validate Against Journal Requirements
+
+Different journals have different requirements:
+- Citation style (numbered, author-year)
+- Abbreviations (journal names)
+- Maximum reference count
+- Format (BibTeX, EndNote, manual)
+
+Check journal author guidelines!
+
+## Common Validation Issues
+
+### Issue 1: Metadata Mismatch
+
+**Problem**: BibTeX says 2023, CrossRef says 2024.
+
+**Cause**:
+- Online-first vs print publication
+- Correction/update
+- Extraction error
+
+**Solution**:
+1. Check actual article
+2. Use more recent/accurate date
+3. Update BibTeX entry
+4. Re-validate
+
+### Issue 2: Special Characters
+
+**Problem**: LaTeX compilation fails on special characters.
+
+**Cause**:
+- Accented characters (é, ü, ñ)
+- Chemical formulas (H₂O)
+- Math symbols (α, β, ±)
+
+**Solution**:
+```bibtex
+% Use LaTeX commands
+author = {M{\"u}ller, Hans}  % Müller
+title = {Study of H\textsubscript{2}O}  % H₂O
+% Or use UTF-8 with proper LaTeX packages
+```
+
+### Issue 3: Incomplete Extraction
+
+**Problem**: Extracted metadata missing fields.
+
+**Cause**:
+- Source doesn't provide all metadata
+- Extraction error
+- Incomplete record
+
+**Solution**:
+1. Check original article
+2. Manually add missing fields
+3. Use alternative source (PubMed vs CrossRef)
+
+### Issue 4: Cannot Find Duplicate
+
+**Problem**: Same paper appears twice, not detected.
+
+**Cause**:
+- Different DOIs (should be rare)
+- Different titles (abbreviated, typo)
+- Different citation keys
+
+**Solution**:
+- Manual search for author + year
+- Check for similar titles
+- Remove manually
+
+## Summary
+
+Validation ensures citation quality:
+
+✓ **Accuracy**: DOIs resolve, metadata correct  
+✓ **Completeness**: All required fields present  
+✓ **Consistency**: Proper formatting throughout  
+✓ **No duplicates**: Each paper cited once  
+✓ **Valid syntax**: BibTeX compiles without errors  
+
+**Always validate** before final submission!
+
+Use automated tools:
+```bash
+python scripts/validate_citations.py references.bib
+```
+
+Follow workflow:
+1. Extract metadata
+2. Validate
+3. Fix errors
+4. Re-validate
+5. Submit
+