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+# Metadata Extraction Guide
+
+Comprehensive guide to extracting accurate citation metadata from DOIs, PMIDs, arXiv IDs, and URLs using various APIs and services.
+
+## Overview
+
+Accurate metadata is essential for proper citations. This guide covers:
+- Identifying paper identifiers (DOI, PMID, arXiv ID)
+- Querying metadata APIs (CrossRef, PubMed, arXiv, DataCite)
+- Required BibTeX fields by entry type
+- Handling edge cases and special situations
+- Validating extracted metadata
+
+## Paper Identifiers
+
+### DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
+
+**Format**: `10.XXXX/suffix`
+
+**Examples**:
+```
+10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2    # Nature article
+10.1126/science.aam9317       # Science article
+10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.001    # Cell article
+10.1371/journal.pone.0123456  # PLOS ONE article
+```
+
+**Properties**:
+- Permanent identifier
+- Most reliable for metadata
+- Resolves to current location
+- Publisher-assigned
+
+**Where to find**:
+- First page of article
+- Article webpage
+- CrossRef, Google Scholar, PubMed
+- Usually prominent on publisher site
+
+### PMID (PubMed ID)
+
+**Format**: 8-digit number (typically)
+
+**Examples**:
+```
+34265844
+28445112
+35476778
+```
+
+**Properties**:
+- Specific to PubMed database
+- Biomedical literature only
+- Assigned by NCBI
+- Permanent identifier
+
+**Where to find**:
+- PubMed search results
+- Article page on PubMed
+- Often in article PDF footer
+- PMC (PubMed Central) pages
+
+### PMCID (PubMed Central ID)
+
+**Format**: PMC followed by numbers
+
+**Examples**:
+```
+PMC8287551
+PMC7456789
+```
+
+**Properties**:
+- Free full-text articles in PMC
+- Subset of PubMed articles
+- Open access or author manuscripts
+
+### arXiv ID
+
+**Format**: YYMM.NNNNN or archive/YYMMNNN
+
+**Examples**:
+```
+2103.14030        # New format (since 2007)
+2401.12345        # 2024 submission
+arXiv:hep-th/9901001  # Old format
+```
+
+**Properties**:
+- Preprints (not peer-reviewed)
+- Physics, math, CS, q-bio, etc.
+- Version tracking (v1, v2, etc.)
+- Free, open access
+
+**Where to find**:
+- arXiv.org
+- Often cited before publication
+- Paper PDF header
+
+### Other Identifiers
+
+**ISBN** (Books):
+```
+978-0-12-345678-9
+0-123-45678-9
+```
+
+**arXiv category**:
+```
+cs.LG    # Computer Science - Machine Learning
+q-bio.QM # Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods
+math.ST  # Mathematics - Statistics
+```
+
+## Metadata APIs
+
+### CrossRef API
+
+**Primary source for DOIs** - Most comprehensive metadata for journal articles.
+
+**Base URL**: `https://api.crossref.org/works/`
+
+**No API key required**, but polite pool recommended:
+- Add email to User-Agent
+- Gets better service
+- No rate limits
+
+#### Basic DOI Lookup
+
+**Request**:
+```
+GET https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2
+```
+
+**Response** (simplified):
+```json
+{
+  "message": {
+    "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2",
+    "title": ["Article title here"],
+    "author": [
+      {"given": "John", "family": "Smith"},
+      {"given": "Jane", "family": "Doe"}
+    ],
+    "container-title": ["Nature"],
+    "volume": "595",
+    "issue": "7865",
+    "page": "123-128",
+    "published-print": {"date-parts": [[2021, 7, 1]]},
+    "publisher": "Springer Nature",
+    "type": "journal-article",
+    "ISSN": ["0028-0836"]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Fields Available
+
+**Always present**:
+- `DOI`: Digital Object Identifier
+- `title`: Article title (array)
+- `type`: Content type (journal-article, book-chapter, etc.)
+
+**Usually present**:
+- `author`: Array of author objects
+- `container-title`: Journal/book title
+- `published-print` or `published-online`: Publication date
+- `volume`, `issue`, `page`: Publication details
+- `publisher`: Publisher name
+
+**Sometimes present**:
+- `abstract`: Article abstract
+- `subject`: Subject categories
+- `ISSN`: Journal ISSN
+- `ISBN`: Book ISBN
+- `reference`: Reference list
+- `is-referenced-by-count`: Citation count
+
+#### Content Types
+
+CrossRef `type` field values:
+- `journal-article`: Journal articles
+- `book-chapter`: Book chapters
+- `book`: Books
+- `proceedings-article`: Conference papers
+- `posted-content`: Preprints
+- `dataset`: Research datasets
+- `report`: Technical reports
+- `dissertation`: Theses/dissertations
+
+### PubMed E-utilities API
+
+**Specialized for biomedical literature** - Curated metadata with MeSH terms.
+
+**Base URL**: `https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/`
+
+**API key recommended** (free):
+- Higher rate limits
+- Better performance
+
+#### PMID to Metadata
+
+**Step 1: EFetch for full record**
+
+```
+GET https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?
+  db=pubmed&
+  id=34265844&
+  retmode=xml&
+  api_key=YOUR_KEY
+```
+
+**Response**: XML with comprehensive metadata
+
+**Step 2: Parse XML**
+
+Key fields:
+```xml
+<PubmedArticle>
+  <MedlineCitation>
+    <PMID>34265844</PMID>
+    <Article>
+      <ArticleTitle>Title here</ArticleTitle>
+      <AuthorList>
+        <Author><LastName>Smith</LastName><ForeName>John</ForeName></Author>
+      </AuthorList>
+      <Journal>
+        <Title>Nature</Title>
+        <JournalIssue>
+          <Volume>595</Volume>
+          <Issue>7865</Issue>
+          <PubDate><Year>2021</Year></PubDate>
+        </JournalIssue>
+      </Journal>
+      <Pagination><MedlinePgn>123-128</MedlinePgn></Pagination>
+      <Abstract><AbstractText>Abstract text here</AbstractText></Abstract>
+    </Article>
+  </MedlineCitation>
+  <PubmedData>
+    <ArticleIdList>
+      <ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2</ArticleId>
+      <ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8287551</ArticleId>
+    </ArticleIdList>
+  </PubmedData>
+</PubmedArticle>
+```
+
+#### Unique PubMed Fields
+
+**MeSH Terms**: Controlled vocabulary
+```xml
+<MeshHeadingList>
+  <MeshHeading>
+    <DescriptorName UI="D003920">Diabetes Mellitus</DescriptorName>
+  </MeshHeading>
+</MeshHeadingList>
+```
+
+**Publication Types**:
+```xml
+<PublicationTypeList>
+  <PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
+  <PublicationType UI="D016449">Randomized Controlled Trial</PublicationType>
+</PublicationTypeList>
+```
+
+**Grant Information**:
+```xml
+<GrantList>
+  <Grant>
+    <GrantID>R01-123456</GrantID>
+    <Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency>
+    <Country>United States</Country>
+  </Grant>
+</GrantList>
+```
+
+### arXiv API
+
+**Preprints in physics, math, CS, q-bio** - Free, open access.
+
+**Base URL**: `http://export.arxiv.org/api/query`
+
+**No API key required**
+
+#### arXiv ID to Metadata
+
+**Request**:
+```
+GET http://export.arxiv.org/api/query?id_list=2103.14030
+```
+
+**Response**: Atom XML
+
+```xml
+<entry>
+  <id>http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.14030v2</id>
+  <title>Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold</title>
+  <author><name>John Jumper</name></author>
+  <author><name>Richard Evans</name></author>
+  <published>2021-03-26T17:47:17Z</published>
+  <updated>2021-07-01T16:51:46Z</updated>
+  <summary>Abstract text here...</summary>
+  <arxiv:doi>10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2</arxiv:doi>
+  <category term="q-bio.BM" scheme="http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom"/>
+  <category term="cs.LG" scheme="http://arxiv.org/schemas/atom"/>
+</entry>
+```
+
+#### Key Fields
+
+- `id`: arXiv URL
+- `title`: Preprint title
+- `author`: Author list
+- `published`: First version date
+- `updated`: Latest version date
+- `summary`: Abstract
+- `arxiv:doi`: DOI if published
+- `arxiv:journal_ref`: Journal reference if published
+- `category`: arXiv categories
+
+#### Version Tracking
+
+arXiv tracks versions:
+- `v1`: Initial submission
+- `v2`, `v3`, etc.: Revisions
+
+**Always check** if preprint has been published in journal (use DOI if available).
+
+### DataCite API
+
+**Research datasets, software, other outputs** - Assigns DOIs to non-traditional scholarly works.
+
+**Base URL**: `https://api.datacite.org/dois/`
+
+**Similar to CrossRef** but for datasets, software, code, etc.
+
+**Request**:
+```
+GET https://api.datacite.org/dois/10.5281/zenodo.1234567
+```
+
+**Response**: JSON with metadata for dataset/software
+
+## Required BibTeX Fields
+
+### @article (Journal Articles)
+
+**Required**:
+- `author`: Author names
+- `title`: Article title
+- `journal`: Journal name
+- `year`: Publication year
+
+**Optional but recommended**:
+- `volume`: Volume number
+- `number`: Issue number
+- `pages`: Page range (e.g., 123--145)
+- `doi`: Digital Object Identifier
+- `url`: URL if no DOI
+- `month`: Publication month
+
+**Example**:
+```bibtex
+@article{Smith2024,
+  author  = {Smith, John and Doe, Jane},
+  title   = {Novel Approach to Protein Folding},
+  journal = {Nature},
+  year    = {2024},
+  volume  = {625},
+  number  = {8001},
+  pages   = {123--145},
+  doi     = {10.1038/nature12345}
+}
+```
+
+### @book (Books)
+
+**Required**:
+- `author` or `editor`: Author(s) or editor(s)
+- `title`: Book title
+- `publisher`: Publisher name
+- `year`: Publication year
+
+**Optional but recommended**:
+- `edition`: Edition number (if not first)
+- `address`: Publisher location
+- `isbn`: ISBN
+- `url`: URL
+- `series`: Series name
+
+**Example**:
+```bibtex
+@book{Kumar2021,
+  author    = {Kumar, Vinay and Abbas, Abul K. and Aster, Jon C.},
+  title     = {Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease},
+  publisher = {Elsevier},
+  year      = {2021},
+  edition   = {10},
+  isbn      = {978-0-323-53113-9}
+}
+```
+
+### @inproceedings (Conference Papers)
+
+**Required**:
+- `author`: Author names
+- `title`: Paper title
+- `booktitle`: Conference/proceedings name
+- `year`: Year
+
+**Optional but recommended**:
+- `pages`: Page range
+- `organization`: Organizing body
+- `publisher`: Publisher
+- `address`: Conference location
+- `month`: Conference month
+- `doi`: DOI if available
+
+**Example**:
+```bibtex
+@inproceedings{Vaswani2017,
+  author    = {Vaswani, Ashish and Shazeer, Noam and others},
+  title     = {Attention is All You Need},
+  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
+  year      = {2017},
+  pages     = {5998--6008},
+  volume    = {30}
+}
+```
+
+### @incollection (Book Chapters)
+
+**Required**:
+- `author`: Chapter author(s)
+- `title`: Chapter title
+- `booktitle`: Book title
+- `publisher`: Publisher name
+- `year`: Publication year
+
+**Optional but recommended**:
+- `editor`: Book editor(s)
+- `pages`: Chapter page range
+- `chapter`: Chapter number
+- `edition`: Edition
+- `address`: Publisher location
+
+**Example**:
+```bibtex
+@incollection{Brown2020,
+  author    = {Brown, Peter O. and Botstein, David},
+  title     = {Exploring the New World of the Genome with {DNA} Microarrays},
+  booktitle = {DNA Microarrays: A Molecular Cloning Manual},
+  editor    = {Eisen, Michael B. and Brown, Patrick O.},
+  publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
+  year      = {2020},
+  pages     = {1--45}
+}
+```
+
+### @phdthesis (Dissertations)
+
+**Required**:
+- `author`: Author name
+- `title`: Thesis title
+- `school`: Institution
+- `year`: Year
+
+**Optional**:
+- `type`: Type (e.g., "PhD dissertation")
+- `address`: Institution location
+- `month`: Month
+- `url`: URL
+
+**Example**:
+```bibtex
+@phdthesis{Johnson2023,
+  author = {Johnson, Mary L.},
+  title  = {Novel Approaches to Cancer Immunotherapy},
+  school = {Stanford University},
+  year   = {2023},
+  type   = {{PhD} dissertation}
+}
+```
+
+### @misc (Preprints, Software, Datasets)
+
+**Required**:
+- `author`: Author(s)
+- `title`: Title
+- `year`: Year
+
+**For preprints, add**:
+- `howpublished`: Repository (e.g., "bioRxiv")
+- `doi`: Preprint DOI
+- `note`: Preprint ID
+
+**Example (preprint)**:
+```bibtex
+@misc{Zhang2024,
+  author       = {Zhang, Yi and Chen, Li and Wang, Hui},
+  title        = {Novel Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer's Disease},
+  year         = {2024},
+  howpublished = {bioRxiv},
+  doi          = {10.1101/2024.01.001},
+  note         = {Preprint}
+}
+```
+
+**Example (software)**:
+```bibtex
+@misc{AlphaFold2021,
+  author       = {DeepMind},
+  title        = {{AlphaFold} Protein Structure Database},
+  year         = {2021},
+  howpublished = {Software},
+  url          = {https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/},
+  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.5123456}
+}
+```
+
+## Extraction Workflows
+
+### From DOI
+
+**Best practice** - Most reliable source:
+
+```bash
+# Single DOI
+python scripts/extract_metadata.py --doi 10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2
+
+# Multiple DOIs
+python scripts/extract_metadata.py \
+  --doi 10.1038/nature12345 \
+  --doi 10.1126/science.abc1234 \
+  --output refs.bib
+```
+
+**Process**:
+1. Query CrossRef API with DOI
+2. Parse JSON response
+3. Extract required fields
+4. Determine entry type (@article, @book, etc.)
+5. Format as BibTeX
+6. Validate completeness
+
+### From PMID
+
+**For biomedical literature**:
+
+```bash
+# Single PMID
+python scripts/extract_metadata.py --pmid 34265844
+
+# Multiple PMIDs
+python scripts/extract_metadata.py \
+  --pmid 34265844 \
+  --pmid 28445112 \
+  --output refs.bib
+```
+
+**Process**:
+1. Query PubMed EFetch with PMID
+2. Parse XML response
+3. Extract metadata including MeSH terms
+4. Check for DOI in response
+5. If DOI exists, optionally query CrossRef for additional metadata
+6. Format as BibTeX
+
+### From arXiv ID
+
+**For preprints**:
+
+```bash
+python scripts/extract_metadata.py --arxiv 2103.14030
+```
+
+**Process**:
+1. Query arXiv API with ID
+2. Parse Atom XML response
+3. Check for published version (DOI in response)
+4. If published: Use DOI and CrossRef
+5. If not published: Use preprint metadata
+6. Format as @misc with preprint note
+
+**Important**: Always check if preprint has been published!
+
+### From URL
+
+**When you only have URL**:
+
+```bash
+python scripts/extract_metadata.py \
+  --url "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03819-2"
+```
+
+**Process**:
+1. Parse URL to extract identifier
+2. Identify type (DOI, PMID, arXiv)
+3. Extract identifier from URL
+4. Query appropriate API
+5. Format as BibTeX
+
+**URL patterns**:
+```
+# DOI URLs
+https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12345
+https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc123
+https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03819-2
+
+# PubMed URLs
+https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34265844/
+https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34265844
+
+# arXiv URLs
+https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.14030
+https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.14030.pdf
+```
+
+### Batch Processing
+
+**From file with mixed identifiers**:
+
+```bash
+# Create file with one identifier per line
+# identifiers.txt:
+#   10.1038/nature12345
+#   34265844
+#   2103.14030
+#   https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc123
+
+python scripts/extract_metadata.py \
+  --input identifiers.txt \
+  --output references.bib
+```
+
+**Process**:
+- Script auto-detects identifier type
+- Queries appropriate API
+- Combines all into single BibTeX file
+- Handles errors gracefully
+
+## Special Cases and Edge Cases
+
+### Preprints Later Published
+
+**Issue**: Preprint cited, but journal version now available.
+
+**Solution**:
+1. Check arXiv metadata for DOI field
+2. If DOI present, use published version
+3. Update citation to journal article
+4. Note preprint version in comments if needed
+
+**Example**:
+```bibtex
+% Originally: arXiv:2103.14030
+% Published as:
+@article{Jumper2021,
+  author  = {Jumper, John and Evans, Richard and others},
+  title   = {Highly Accurate Protein Structure Prediction with {AlphaFold}},
+  journal = {Nature},
+  year    = {2021},
+  volume  = {596},
+  pages   = {583--589},
+  doi     = {10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2}
+}
+```
+
+### Multiple Authors (et al.)
+
+**Issue**: Many authors (10+).
+
+**BibTeX practice**:
+- Include all authors if <10
+- Use "and others" for 10+
+- Or list all (journals vary)
+
+**Example**:
+```bibtex
+@article{LargeCollaboration2024,
+  author = {First, Author and Second, Author and Third, Author and others},
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+### Author Name Variations
+
+**Issue**: Authors publish under different name formats.
+
+**Standardization**:
+```
+# Common variations
+John Smith
+John A. Smith
+John Andrew Smith
+J. A. Smith
+Smith, J.
+Smith, J. A.
+
+# BibTeX format (recommended)
+author = {Smith, John A.}
+```
+
+**Extraction preference**:
+1. Use full name if available
+2. Include middle initial if available
+3. Format: Last, First Middle
+
+### No DOI Available
+
+**Issue**: Older papers or books without DOIs.
+
+**Solutions**:
+1. Use PMID if available (biomedical)
+2. Use ISBN for books
+3. Use URL to stable source
+4. Include full publication details
+
+**Example**:
+```bibtex
+@article{OldPaper1995,
+  author  = {Author, Name},
+  title   = {Title Here},
+  journal = {Journal Name},
+  year    = {1995},
+  volume  = {123},
+  pages   = {45--67},
+  url     = {https://stable-url-here},
+  note    = {PMID: 12345678}
+}
+```
+
+### Conference Papers vs Journal Articles
+
+**Issue**: Same work published in both.
+
+**Best practice**:
+- Cite journal version if both available
+- Journal version is archival
+- Conference version for timeliness
+
+**If citing conference**:
+```bibtex
+@inproceedings{Smith2024conf,
+  author    = {Smith, John},
+  title     = {Title},
+  booktitle = {Proceedings of NeurIPS 2024},
+  year      = {2024}
+}
+```
+
+**If citing journal**:
+```bibtex
+@article{Smith2024journal,
+  author  = {Smith, John},
+  title   = {Title},
+  journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
+  year    = {2024}
+}
+```
+
+### Book Chapters vs Edited Collections
+
+**Extract correctly**:
+- Chapter: Use `@incollection`
+- Whole book: Use `@book`
+- Book editor: List in `editor` field
+- Chapter author: List in `author` field
+
+### Datasets and Software
+
+**Use @misc** with appropriate fields:
+
+```bibtex
+@misc{DatasetName2024,
+  author       = {Author, Name},
+  title        = {Dataset Title},
+  year         = {2024},
+  howpublished = {Zenodo},
+  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.123456},
+  note         = {Version 1.2}
+}
+```
+
+## Validation After Extraction
+
+Always validate extracted metadata:
+
+```bash
+python scripts/validate_citations.py extracted_refs.bib
+```
+
+**Check**:
+- All required fields present
+- DOI resolves correctly
+- Author names formatted consistently
+- Year is reasonable (4 digits)
+- Journal/publisher names correct
+- Page ranges use -- not -
+- Special characters handled properly
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### 1. Prefer DOI When Available
+
+DOIs provide:
+- Permanent identifier
+- Best metadata source
+- Publisher-verified information
+- Resolvable link
+
+### 2. Verify Automatically Extracted Metadata
+
+Spot-check:
+- Author names match publication
+- Title matches (including capitalization)
+- Year is correct
+- Journal name is complete
+
+### 3. Handle Special Characters
+
+**LaTeX special characters**:
+- Protect capitalization: `{AlphaFold}`
+- Handle accents: `M{\"u}ller` or use Unicode
+- Chemical formulas: `H$_2$O` or `\ce{H2O}`
+
+### 4. Use Consistent Citation Keys
+
+**Convention**: `FirstAuthorYEARkeyword`
+```
+Smith2024protein
+Doe2023machine
+Johnson2024cancer
+```
+
+### 5. Include DOI for Modern Papers
+
+All papers published after ~2000 should have DOI:
+```bibtex
+doi = {10.1038/nature12345}
+```
+
+### 6. Document Source
+
+For non-standard sources, add note:
+```bibtex
+note = {Preprint, not peer-reviewed}
+note = {Technical report}
+note = {Dataset accompanying [citation]}
+```
+
+## Summary
+
+Metadata extraction workflow:
+
+1. **Identify**: Determine identifier type (DOI, PMID, arXiv, URL)
+2. **Query**: Use appropriate API (CrossRef, PubMed, arXiv)
+3. **Extract**: Parse response for required fields
+4. **Format**: Create properly formatted BibTeX entry
+5. **Validate**: Check completeness and accuracy
+6. **Verify**: Spot-check critical citations
+
+**Use scripts** to automate:
+- `extract_metadata.py`: Universal extractor
+- `doi_to_bibtex.py`: Quick DOI conversion
+- `validate_citations.py`: Verify accuracy
+
+**Always validate** extracted metadata before final submission!
+