"""
Comprehensive statistical assumption checking utilities.

This module provides functions to check common statistical assumptions:
- Normality
- Homogeneity of variance
- Independence
- Linearity
- Outliers
"""

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from scipy import stats
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from typing import Dict, List, Tuple, Optional, Union


def check_normality(
    data: Union[np.ndarray, pd.Series, List],
    name: str = "data",
    alpha: float = 0.05,
    plot: bool = True
) -> Dict:
    """
    Check normality assumption using Shapiro-Wilk test and visualizations.

    Parameters
    ----------
    data : array-like
        Data to check for normality
    name : str
        Name of the variable (for labeling)
    alpha : float
        Significance level for Shapiro-Wilk test
    plot : bool
        Whether to create Q-Q plot and histogram

    Returns
    -------
    dict
        Results including test statistic, p-value, and interpretation
    """
    data = np.asarray(data)
    data_clean = data[~np.isnan(data)]

    # Shapiro-Wilk test
    statistic, p_value = stats.shapiro(data_clean)

    # Interpretation
    is_normal = p_value > alpha
    interpretation = (
        f"Data {'appear' if is_normal else 'do not appear'} normally distributed "
        f"(W = {statistic:.3f}, p = {p_value:.3f})"
    )

    # Visual checks
    if plot:
        fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4))

        # Q-Q plot
        stats.probplot(data_clean, dist="norm", plot=ax1)
        ax1.set_title(f"Q-Q Plot: {name}")
        ax1.grid(alpha=0.3)

        # Histogram with normal curve
        ax2.hist(data_clean, bins='auto', density=True, alpha=0.7, color='steelblue', edgecolor='black')
        mu, sigma = data_clean.mean(), data_clean.std()
        x = np.linspace(data_clean.min(), data_clean.max(), 100)
        ax2.plot(x, stats.norm.pdf(x, mu, sigma), 'r-', linewidth=2, label='Normal curve')
        ax2.set_xlabel('Value')
        ax2.set_ylabel('Density')
        ax2.set_title(f'Histogram: {name}')
        ax2.legend()
        ax2.grid(alpha=0.3)

        plt.tight_layout()
        plt.show()

    return {
        'test': 'Shapiro-Wilk',
        'statistic': statistic,
        'p_value': p_value,
        'is_normal': is_normal,
        'interpretation': interpretation,
        'n': len(data_clean),
        'recommendation': (
            "Proceed with parametric test" if is_normal
            else "Consider non-parametric alternative or transformation"
        )
    }


def check_normality_per_group(
    data: pd.DataFrame,
    value_col: str,
    group_col: str,
    alpha: float = 0.05,
    plot: bool = True
) -> pd.DataFrame:
    """
    Check normality assumption for each group separately.

    Parameters
    ----------
    data : pd.DataFrame
        Data containing values and group labels
    value_col : str
        Column name for values to check
    group_col : str
        Column name for group labels
    alpha : float
        Significance level
    plot : bool
        Whether to create Q-Q plots for each group

    Returns
    -------
    pd.DataFrame
        Results for each group
    """
    groups = data[group_col].unique()
    results = []

    if plot:
        n_groups = len(groups)
        fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, n_groups, figsize=(5 * n_groups, 4))
        if n_groups == 1:
            axes = [axes]

    for idx, group in enumerate(groups):
        group_data = data[data[group_col] == group][value_col].dropna()
        stat, p = stats.shapiro(group_data)

        results.append({
            'Group': group,
            'N': len(group_data),
            'W': stat,
            'p-value': p,
            'Normal': 'Yes' if p > alpha else 'No'
        })

        if plot:
            stats.probplot(group_data, dist="norm", plot=axes[idx])
            axes[idx].set_title(f"Q-Q Plot: {group}")
            axes[idx].grid(alpha=0.3)

    if plot:
        plt.tight_layout()
        plt.show()

    return pd.DataFrame(results)


def check_homogeneity_of_variance(
    data: pd.DataFrame,
    value_col: str,
    group_col: str,
    alpha: float = 0.05,
    plot: bool = True
) -> Dict:
    """
    Check homogeneity of variance using Levene's test.

    Parameters
    ----------
    data : pd.DataFrame
        Data containing values and group labels
    value_col : str
        Column name for values
    group_col : str
        Column name for group labels
    alpha : float
        Significance level
    plot : bool
        Whether to create box plots

    Returns
    -------
    dict
        Results including test statistic, p-value, and interpretation
    """
    groups = [group[value_col].values for name, group in data.groupby(group_col)]

    # Levene's test (robust to non-normality)
    statistic, p_value = stats.levene(*groups)

    # Variance ratio (max/min)
    variances = [np.var(g, ddof=1) for g in groups]
    var_ratio = max(variances) / min(variances)

    is_homogeneous = p_value > alpha
    interpretation = (
        f"Variances {'appear' if is_homogeneous else 'do not appear'} homogeneous "
        f"(F = {statistic:.3f}, p = {p_value:.3f}, variance ratio = {var_ratio:.2f})"
    )

    if plot:
        fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4))

        # Box plot
        data.boxplot(column=value_col, by=group_col, ax=ax1)
        ax1.set_title('Box Plots by Group')
        ax1.set_xlabel(group_col)
        ax1.set_ylabel(value_col)
        plt.sca(ax1)
        plt.xticks(rotation=45)

        # Variance plot
        group_names = data[group_col].unique()
        ax2.bar(range(len(variances)), variances, color='steelblue', edgecolor='black')
        ax2.set_xticks(range(len(variances)))
        ax2.set_xticklabels(group_names, rotation=45)
        ax2.set_ylabel('Variance')
        ax2.set_title('Variance by Group')
        ax2.grid(alpha=0.3, axis='y')

        plt.tight_layout()
        plt.show()

    return {
        'test': 'Levene',
        'statistic': statistic,
        'p_value': p_value,
        'is_homogeneous': is_homogeneous,
        'variance_ratio': var_ratio,
        'interpretation': interpretation,
        'recommendation': (
            "Proceed with standard test" if is_homogeneous
            else "Consider Welch's correction or transformation"
        )
    }


def check_linearity(
    x: Union[np.ndarray, pd.Series],
    y: Union[np.ndarray, pd.Series],
    x_name: str = "X",
    y_name: str = "Y"
) -> Dict:
    """
    Check linearity assumption for regression.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : array-like
        Predictor variable
    y : array-like
        Outcome variable
    x_name : str
        Name of predictor
    y_name : str
        Name of outcome

    Returns
    -------
    dict
        Visualization and recommendations
    """
    x = np.asarray(x)
    y = np.asarray(y)

    # Fit linear regression
    slope, intercept, r_value, p_value, std_err = stats.linregress(x, y)
    y_pred = intercept + slope * x

    # Calculate residuals
    residuals = y - y_pred

    # Visualization
    fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4))

    # Scatter plot with regression line
    ax1.scatter(x, y, alpha=0.6, s=50, edgecolors='black', linewidths=0.5)
    ax1.plot(x, y_pred, 'r-', linewidth=2, label=f'y = {intercept:.2f} + {slope:.2f}x')
    ax1.set_xlabel(x_name)
    ax1.set_ylabel(y_name)
    ax1.set_title('Scatter Plot with Regression Line')
    ax1.legend()
    ax1.grid(alpha=0.3)

    # Residuals vs fitted
    ax2.scatter(y_pred, residuals, alpha=0.6, s=50, edgecolors='black', linewidths=0.5)
    ax2.axhline(y=0, color='r', linestyle='--', linewidth=2)
    ax2.set_xlabel('Fitted values')
    ax2.set_ylabel('Residuals')
    ax2.set_title('Residuals vs Fitted Values')
    ax2.grid(alpha=0.3)

    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

    return {
        'r': r_value,
        'r_squared': r_value ** 2,
        'interpretation': (
            "Examine residual plot. Points should be randomly scattered around zero. "
            "Patterns (curves, funnels) suggest non-linearity or heteroscedasticity."
        ),
        'recommendation': (
            "If non-linear pattern detected: Consider polynomial terms, "
            "transformations, or non-linear models"
        )
    }


def detect_outliers(
    data: Union[np.ndarray, pd.Series, List],
    name: str = "data",
    method: str = "iqr",
    threshold: float = 1.5,
    plot: bool = True
) -> Dict:
    """
    Detect outliers using IQR method or z-score method.

    Parameters
    ----------
    data : array-like
        Data to check for outliers
    name : str
        Name of variable
    method : str
        Method to use: 'iqr' or 'zscore'
    threshold : float
        Threshold for outlier detection
        For IQR: typically 1.5 (mild) or 3 (extreme)
        For z-score: typically 3
    plot : bool
        Whether to create visualizations

    Returns
    -------
    dict
        Outlier indices, values, and visualizations
    """
    data = np.asarray(data)
    data_clean = data[~np.isnan(data)]

    if method == "iqr":
        q1 = np.percentile(data_clean, 25)
        q3 = np.percentile(data_clean, 75)
        iqr = q3 - q1
        lower_bound = q1 - threshold * iqr
        upper_bound = q3 + threshold * iqr
        outlier_mask = (data_clean < lower_bound) | (data_clean > upper_bound)

    elif method == "zscore":
        z_scores = np.abs(stats.zscore(data_clean))
        outlier_mask = z_scores > threshold
        lower_bound = data_clean.mean() - threshold * data_clean.std()
        upper_bound = data_clean.mean() + threshold * data_clean.std()

    else:
        raise ValueError("method must be 'iqr' or 'zscore'")

    outlier_indices = np.where(outlier_mask)[0]
    outlier_values = data_clean[outlier_mask]
    n_outliers = len(outlier_indices)
    pct_outliers = (n_outliers / len(data_clean)) * 100

    if plot:
        fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4))

        # Box plot
        bp = ax1.boxplot(data_clean, vert=True, patch_artist=True)
        bp['boxes'][0].set_facecolor('steelblue')
        ax1.set_ylabel('Value')
        ax1.set_title(f'Box Plot: {name}')
        ax1.grid(alpha=0.3, axis='y')

        # Scatter plot highlighting outliers
        x_coords = np.arange(len(data_clean))
        ax2.scatter(x_coords[~outlier_mask], data_clean[~outlier_mask],
                   alpha=0.6, s=50, color='steelblue', label='Normal', edgecolors='black', linewidths=0.5)
        if n_outliers > 0:
            ax2.scatter(x_coords[outlier_mask], data_clean[outlier_mask],
                       alpha=0.8, s=100, color='red', label='Outliers', marker='D', edgecolors='black', linewidths=0.5)
        ax2.axhline(y=lower_bound, color='orange', linestyle='--', linewidth=1.5, label='Bounds')
        ax2.axhline(y=upper_bound, color='orange', linestyle='--', linewidth=1.5)
        ax2.set_xlabel('Index')
        ax2.set_ylabel('Value')
        ax2.set_title(f'Outlier Detection: {name}')
        ax2.legend()
        ax2.grid(alpha=0.3)

        plt.tight_layout()
        plt.show()

    return {
        'method': method,
        'threshold': threshold,
        'n_outliers': n_outliers,
        'pct_outliers': pct_outliers,
        'outlier_indices': outlier_indices,
        'outlier_values': outlier_values,
        'lower_bound': lower_bound,
        'upper_bound': upper_bound,
        'interpretation': f"Found {n_outliers} outliers ({pct_outliers:.1f}% of data)",
        'recommendation': (
            "Investigate outliers for data entry errors. "
            "Consider: (1) removing if errors, (2) winsorizing, "
            "(3) keeping if legitimate, (4) using robust methods"
        )
    }


def comprehensive_assumption_check(
    data: pd.DataFrame,
    value_col: str,
    group_col: Optional[str] = None,
    alpha: float = 0.05
) -> Dict:
    """
    Perform comprehensive assumption checking for common statistical tests.

    Parameters
    ----------
    data : pd.DataFrame
        Data to check
    value_col : str
        Column name for dependent variable
    group_col : str, optional
        Column name for grouping variable (if applicable)
    alpha : float
        Significance level

    Returns
    -------
    dict
        Summary of all assumption checks
    """
    print("=" * 70)
    print("COMPREHENSIVE ASSUMPTION CHECK")
    print("=" * 70)

    results = {}

    # Outlier detection
    print("\n1. OUTLIER DETECTION")
    print("-" * 70)
    outlier_results = detect_outliers(
        data[value_col].dropna(),
        name=value_col,
        method='iqr',
        plot=True
    )
    results['outliers'] = outlier_results
    print(f"   {outlier_results['interpretation']}")
    print(f"   {outlier_results['recommendation']}")

    # Check if grouped data
    if group_col is not None:
        # Normality per group
        print(f"\n2. NORMALITY CHECK (by {group_col})")
        print("-" * 70)
        normality_results = check_normality_per_group(
            data, value_col, group_col, alpha=alpha, plot=True
        )
        results['normality_per_group'] = normality_results
        print(normality_results.to_string(index=False))

        all_normal = normality_results['Normal'].eq('Yes').all()
        print(f"\n   All groups normal: {'Yes' if all_normal else 'No'}")
        if not all_normal:
            print("   → Consider non-parametric alternative (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis)")

        # Homogeneity of variance
        print(f"\n3. HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE")
        print("-" * 70)
        homogeneity_results = check_homogeneity_of_variance(
            data, value_col, group_col, alpha=alpha, plot=True
        )
        results['homogeneity'] = homogeneity_results
        print(f"   {homogeneity_results['interpretation']}")
        print(f"   {homogeneity_results['recommendation']}")

    else:
        # Overall normality
        print(f"\n2. NORMALITY CHECK")
        print("-" * 70)
        normality_results = check_normality(
            data[value_col].dropna(),
            name=value_col,
            alpha=alpha,
            plot=True
        )
        results['normality'] = normality_results
        print(f"   {normality_results['interpretation']}")
        print(f"   {normality_results['recommendation']}")

    # Summary
    print("\n" + "=" * 70)
    print("SUMMARY")
    print("=" * 70)

    if group_col is not None:
        all_normal = results.get('normality_per_group', pd.DataFrame()).get('Normal', pd.Series()).eq('Yes').all()
        is_homogeneous = results.get('homogeneity', {}).get('is_homogeneous', False)

        if all_normal and is_homogeneous:
            print("✓ All assumptions met. Proceed with parametric test (t-test, ANOVA).")
        elif not all_normal:
            print("✗ Normality violated. Use non-parametric alternative.")
        elif not is_homogeneous:
            print("✗ Homogeneity violated. Use Welch's correction or transformation.")
    else:
        is_normal = results.get('normality', {}).get('is_normal', False)
        if is_normal:
            print("✓ Normality assumption met.")
        else:
            print("✗ Normality violated. Consider transformation or non-parametric method.")

    print("=" * 70)

    return results


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Example usage
    np.random.seed(42)

    # Simulate data
    group_a = np.random.normal(75, 8, 50)
    group_b = np.random.normal(68, 10, 50)

    df = pd.DataFrame({
        'score': np.concatenate([group_a, group_b]),
        'group': ['A'] * 50 + ['B'] * 50
    })

    # Run comprehensive check
    results = comprehensive_assumption_check(
        df,
        value_col='score',
        group_col='group',
        alpha=0.05
    )