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# Common DICOM Tags Reference
This document provides a comprehensive list of commonly used DICOM tags organized by category. Tags can be accessed in pydicom using attribute notation (e.g., `ds.PatientName`) or tag tuple notation (e.g., `ds[0x0010, 0x0010]`).
## Patient Information Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (0010,0010) | PatientName | PN | Patient's full name |
| (0010,0020) | PatientID | LO | Primary identifier for the patient |
| (0010,0030) | PatientBirthDate | DA | Date of birth (YYYYMMDD) |
| (0010,0032) | PatientBirthTime | TM | Time of birth (HHMMSS) |
| (0010,0040) | PatientSex | CS | Patient's sex (M, F, O) |
| (0010,1010) | PatientAge | AS | Patient's age (format: nnnD/W/M/Y) |
| (0010,1020) | PatientSize | DS | Patient's height in meters |
| (0010,1030) | PatientWeight | DS | Patient's weight in kilograms |
| (0010,1040) | PatientAddress | LO | Patient's mailing address |
| (0010,2160) | EthnicGroup | SH | Ethnic group of patient |
| (0010,4000) | PatientComments | LT | Additional comments about patient |
## Study Information Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (0020,000D) | StudyInstanceUID | UI | Unique identifier for the study |
| (0008,0020) | StudyDate | DA | Date study started (YYYYMMDD) |
| (0008,0030) | StudyTime | TM | Time study started (HHMMSS) |
| (0008,1030) | StudyDescription | LO | Description of the study |
| (0020,0010) | StudyID | SH | User or site-defined study identifier |
| (0008,0050) | AccessionNumber | SH | RIS-generated study identifier |
| (0008,0090) | ReferringPhysicianName | PN | Name of patient's referring physician |
| (0008,1060) | NameOfPhysiciansReadingStudy | PN | Name of physician(s) reading study |
| (0008,1080) | AdmittingDiagnosesDescription | LO | Diagnosis description at admission |
## Series Information Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (0020,000E) | SeriesInstanceUID | UI | Unique identifier for the series |
| (0020,0011) | SeriesNumber | IS | Numeric identifier for this series |
| (0008,103E) | SeriesDescription | LO | Description of the series |
| (0008,0060) | Modality | CS | Type of equipment (CT, MR, US, etc.) |
| (0008,0021) | SeriesDate | DA | Date series started (YYYYMMDD) |
| (0008,0031) | SeriesTime | TM | Time series started (HHMMSS) |
| (0018,0015) | BodyPartExamined | CS | Body part examined |
| (0018,5100) | PatientPosition | CS | Patient position (HFS, FFS, etc.) |
| (0020,0060) | Laterality | CS | Laterality of paired body part (R, L) |
## Image Information Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (0008,0018) | SOPInstanceUID | UI | Unique identifier for this instance |
| (0020,0013) | InstanceNumber | IS | Number that identifies this image |
| (0008,0008) | ImageType | CS | Image identification characteristics |
| (0008,0023) | ContentDate | DA | Date of content creation (YYYYMMDD) |
| (0008,0033) | ContentTime | TM | Time of content creation (HHMMSS) |
| (0020,0032) | ImagePositionPatient | DS | Position of image (x, y, z) in mm |
| (0020,0037) | ImageOrientationPatient | DS | Direction cosines of image rows/columns |
| (0020,1041) | SliceLocation | DS | Relative position of image plane |
| (0018,0050) | SliceThickness | DS | Slice thickness in mm |
| (0018,0088) | SpacingBetweenSlices | DS | Spacing between slices in mm |
## Pixel Data Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (7FE0,0010) | PixelData | OB/OW | Actual pixel data of the image |
| (0028,0010) | Rows | US | Number of rows in image |
| (0028,0011) | Columns | US | Number of columns in image |
| (0028,0100) | BitsAllocated | US | Bits allocated for each pixel sample |
| (0028,0101) | BitsStored | US | Bits stored for each pixel sample |
| (0028,0102) | HighBit | US | Most significant bit for pixel sample |
| (0028,0103) | PixelRepresentation | US | 0=unsigned, 1=signed |
| (0028,0002) | SamplesPerPixel | US | Number of samples per pixel (1 or 3) |
| (0028,0004) | PhotometricInterpretation | CS | Color space (MONOCHROME2, RGB, etc.) |
| (0028,0006) | PlanarConfiguration | US | Color pixel data arrangement |
| (0028,0030) | PixelSpacing | DS | Physical spacing [row, column] in mm |
| (0028,0008) | NumberOfFrames | IS | Number of frames in multi-frame image |
| (0028,0034) | PixelAspectRatio | IS | Ratio of vertical to horizontal pixel |
## Windowing and Display Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (0028,1050) | WindowCenter | DS | Window center for display |
| (0028,1051) | WindowWidth | DS | Window width for display |
| (0028,1052) | RescaleIntercept | DS | b in output = m*SV + b |
| (0028,1053) | RescaleSlope | DS | m in output = m*SV + b |
| (0028,1054) | RescaleType | LO | Type of rescaling (HU, etc.) |
| (0028,1055) | WindowCenterWidthExplanation | LO | Explanation of window values |
| (0028,3010) | VOILUTSequence | SQ | VOI LUT description |
## CT-Specific Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (0018,0060) | KVP | DS | Peak kilovoltage |
| (0018,1030) | ProtocolName | LO | Scan protocol name |
| (0018,1100) | ReconstructionDiameter | DS | Diameter of reconstruction circle |
| (0018,1110) | DistanceSourceToDetector | DS | Distance in mm |
| (0018,1111) | DistanceSourceToPatient | DS | Distance in mm |
| (0018,1120) | GantryDetectorTilt | DS | Gantry tilt in degrees |
| (0018,1130) | TableHeight | DS | Table height in mm |
| (0018,1150) | ExposureTime | IS | Exposure time in ms |
| (0018,1151) | XRayTubeCurrent | IS | X-ray tube current in mA |
| (0018,1152) | Exposure | IS | Exposure in mAs |
| (0018,1160) | FilterType | SH | X-ray filter material |
| (0018,1210) | ConvolutionKernel | SH | Reconstruction algorithm |
## MR-Specific Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (0018,0080) | RepetitionTime | DS | TR in ms |
| (0018,0081) | EchoTime | DS | TE in ms |
| (0018,0082) | InversionTime | DS | TI in ms |
| (0018,0083) | NumberOfAverages | DS | Number of times data was averaged |
| (0018,0084) | ImagingFrequency | DS | Frequency in MHz |
| (0018,0085) | ImagedNucleus | SH | Nucleus that is imaged (1H, etc.) |
| (0018,0086) | EchoNumbers | IS | Echo number(s) |
| (0018,0087) | MagneticFieldStrength | DS | Field strength in Tesla |
| (0018,0088) | SpacingBetweenSlices | DS | Spacing in mm |
| (0018,0089) | NumberOfPhaseEncodingSteps | IS | Number of encoding steps |
| (0018,0091) | EchoTrainLength | IS | Number of echoes in a train |
| (0018,0093) | PercentSampling | DS | Fraction of acquisition matrix sampled |
| (0018,0094) | PercentPhaseFieldOfView | DS | Ratio of phase to frequency FOV |
| (0018,1030) | ProtocolName | LO | Scan protocol name |
| (0018,1314) | FlipAngle | DS | Flip angle in degrees |
## File Meta Information Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (0002,0000) | FileMetaInformationGroupLength | UL | Length of file meta information |
| (0002,0001) | FileMetaInformationVersion | OB | Version of file meta information |
| (0002,0002) | MediaStorageSOPClassUID | UI | SOP Class UID |
| (0002,0003) | MediaStorageSOPInstanceUID | UI | SOP Instance UID |
| (0002,0010) | TransferSyntaxUID | UI | Transfer syntax UID |
| (0002,0012) | ImplementationClassUID | UI | Implementation class UID |
| (0002,0013) | ImplementationVersionName | SH | Implementation version name |
## Equipment Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (0008,0070) | Manufacturer | LO | Equipment manufacturer |
| (0008,0080) | InstitutionName | LO | Institution name |
| (0008,0081) | InstitutionAddress | ST | Institution address |
| (0008,1010) | StationName | SH | Equipment station name |
| (0008,1040) | InstitutionalDepartmentName | LO | Department name |
| (0008,1050) | PerformingPhysicianName | PN | Physician performing procedure |
| (0008,1070) | OperatorsName | PN | Operator name(s) |
| (0008,1090) | ManufacturerModelName | LO | Model name |
| (0018,1000) | DeviceSerialNumber | LO | Device serial number |
| (0018,1020) | SoftwareVersions | LO | Software version(s) |
## Timing Tags
| Tag | Name | Type | Description |
|-----|------|------|-------------|
| (0008,0012) | InstanceCreationDate | DA | Date instance was created |
| (0008,0013) | InstanceCreationTime | TM | Time instance was created |
| (0008,0022) | AcquisitionDate | DA | Date acquisition started |
| (0008,0032) | AcquisitionTime | TM | Time acquisition started |
| (0008,002A) | AcquisitionDateTime | DT | Acquisition date and time |
## DICOM Value Representations (VR)
Common value representation types used in DICOM:
- **AE**: Application Entity (max 16 chars)
- **AS**: Age String (nnnD/W/M/Y)
- **CS**: Code String (max 16 chars)
- **DA**: Date (YYYYMMDD)
- **DS**: Decimal String
- **DT**: Date Time (YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.FFFFFF&ZZXX)
- **IS**: Integer String
- **LO**: Long String (max 64 chars)
- **LT**: Long Text (max 10240 chars)
- **PN**: Person Name
- **SH**: Short String (max 16 chars)
- **SQ**: Sequence of Items
- **ST**: Short Text (max 1024 chars)
- **TM**: Time (HHMMSS.FFFFFF)
- **UI**: Unique Identifier (UID)
- **UL**: Unsigned Long (4 bytes)
- **US**: Unsigned Short (2 bytes)
- **OB**: Other Byte String
- **OW**: Other Word String
## Usage Examples
### Accessing Tags by Name
```python
patient_name = ds.PatientName
study_date = ds.StudyDate
modality = ds.Modality
```
### Accessing Tags by Number
```python
patient_name = ds[0x0010, 0x0010].value
study_date = ds[0x0008, 0x0020].value
modality = ds[0x0008, 0x0060].value
```
### Checking if Tag Exists
```python
if hasattr(ds, 'PatientName'):
print(ds.PatientName)
# Or using 'in' operator
if (0x0010, 0x0010) in ds:
print(ds[0x0010, 0x0010].value)
```
### Safe Access with Default Value
```python
patient_name = getattr(ds, 'PatientName', 'Unknown')
study_desc = ds.get('StudyDescription', 'No description')
```
## References
- DICOM Standard: https://www.dicomstandard.org/
- DICOM Tag Browser: https://dicom.innolitics.com/ciods
- Pydicom Documentation: https://pydicom.github.io/pydicom/

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# DICOM Transfer Syntaxes Reference
This document provides a comprehensive reference for DICOM transfer syntaxes and compression formats. Transfer syntaxes define how DICOM data is encoded, including byte ordering, compression method, and other encoding rules.
## Overview
A Transfer Syntax UID specifies:
1. **Byte ordering**: Little Endian or Big Endian
2. **Value Representation (VR)**: Implicit or Explicit
3. **Compression**: None, or specific compression algorithm
## Uncompressed Transfer Syntaxes
### Implicit VR Little Endian (1.2.840.10008.1.2)
- **Default** transfer syntax
- Value Representations are implicit (not explicitly encoded)
- Little Endian byte ordering
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.ImplicitVRLittleEndian`
**Usage:**
```python
import pydicom
ds.file_meta.TransferSyntaxUID = pydicom.uid.ImplicitVRLittleEndian
```
### Explicit VR Little Endian (1.2.840.10008.1.2.1)
- **Most common** transfer syntax
- Value Representations are explicit
- Little Endian byte ordering
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.ExplicitVRLittleEndian`
**Usage:**
```python
ds.file_meta.TransferSyntaxUID = pydicom.uid.ExplicitVRLittleEndian
```
### Explicit VR Big Endian (1.2.840.10008.1.2.2) - RETIRED
- Value Representations are explicit
- Big Endian byte ordering
- **Deprecated** - not recommended for new implementations
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.ExplicitVRBigEndian`
## JPEG Compression
### JPEG Baseline (Process 1) (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.50)
- **Lossy** compression
- 8-bit samples only
- Most widely supported JPEG format
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.JPEGBaseline8Bit`
**Dependencies:** Requires `pylibjpeg` or `pillow`
**Usage:**
```python
# Compress
ds.compress(pydicom.uid.JPEGBaseline8Bit)
# Decompress
ds.decompress()
```
### JPEG Extended (Process 2 & 4) (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.51)
- **Lossy** compression
- 8-bit and 12-bit samples
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.JPEGExtended12Bit`
### JPEG Lossless, Non-Hierarchical (Process 14) (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.57)
- **Lossless** compression
- First-Order Prediction
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.JPEGLossless`
**Dependencies:** Requires `pylibjpeg-libjpeg` or `gdcm`
### JPEG Lossless, Non-Hierarchical, First-Order Prediction (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.70)
- **Lossless** compression
- Uses Process 14 Selection Value 1
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.JPEGLosslessSV1`
**Usage:**
```python
# Compress to JPEG Lossless
ds.compress(pydicom.uid.JPEGLossless)
```
### JPEG-LS Lossless (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.80)
- **Lossless** compression
- Low complexity, good compression
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.JPEGLSLossless`
**Dependencies:** Requires `pylibjpeg-libjpeg` or `gdcm`
### JPEG-LS Lossy (Near-Lossless) (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.81)
- **Near-lossless** compression
- Allows controlled loss of precision
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.JPEGLSNearLossless`
## JPEG 2000 Compression
### JPEG 2000 Lossless Only (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.90)
- **Lossless** compression
- Wavelet-based compression
- Better compression than JPEG Lossless
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.JPEG2000Lossless`
**Dependencies:** Requires `pylibjpeg-openjpeg`, `gdcm`, or `pillow`
**Usage:**
```python
# Compress to JPEG 2000 Lossless
ds.compress(pydicom.uid.JPEG2000Lossless)
```
### JPEG 2000 (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.91)
- **Lossy or lossless** compression
- Wavelet-based compression
- High quality at low bit rates
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.JPEG2000`
**Dependencies:** Requires `pylibjpeg-openjpeg`, `gdcm`, or `pillow`
### JPEG 2000 Part 2 Multi-component Lossless (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.92)
- **Lossless** compression
- Supports multi-component images
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.JPEG2000MCLossless`
### JPEG 2000 Part 2 Multi-component (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.93)
- **Lossy or lossless** compression
- Supports multi-component images
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.JPEG2000MC`
## RLE Compression
### RLE Lossless (1.2.840.10008.1.2.5)
- **Lossless** compression
- Run-Length Encoding
- Simple, fast algorithm
- Good for images with repeated values
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.RLELossless`
**Dependencies:** Built into pydicom (no additional packages needed)
**Usage:**
```python
# Compress with RLE
ds.compress(pydicom.uid.RLELossless)
# Decompress
ds.decompress()
```
## Deflated Transfer Syntaxes
### Deflated Explicit VR Little Endian (1.2.840.10008.1.2.1.99)
- Uses ZLIB compression on entire dataset
- Not commonly used
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.DeflatedExplicitVRLittleEndian`
## MPEG Compression
### MPEG2 Main Profile @ Main Level (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.100)
- **Lossy** video compression
- For multi-frame images/videos
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.MPEG2MPML`
### MPEG2 Main Profile @ High Level (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.101)
- **Lossy** video compression
- Higher resolution than MPML
- **Pydicom constant**: `pydicom.uid.MPEG2MPHL`
### MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 High Profile (1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.102-106)
- **Lossy** video compression
- Various levels (BD, 2D, 3D, Stereo)
- Modern video codec
## Checking Transfer Syntax
### Identify Current Transfer Syntax
```python
import pydicom
ds = pydicom.dcmread('image.dcm')
# Get transfer syntax UID
ts_uid = ds.file_meta.TransferSyntaxUID
print(f"Transfer Syntax UID: {ts_uid}")
# Get human-readable name
print(f"Transfer Syntax Name: {ts_uid.name}")
# Check if compressed
print(f"Is compressed: {ts_uid.is_compressed}")
```
### Common Checks
```python
# Check if little endian
if ts_uid.is_little_endian:
print("Little Endian")
# Check if implicit VR
if ts_uid.is_implicit_VR:
print("Implicit VR")
# Check compression type
if 'JPEG' in ts_uid.name:
print("JPEG compressed")
elif 'JPEG2000' in ts_uid.name:
print("JPEG 2000 compressed")
elif 'RLE' in ts_uid.name:
print("RLE compressed")
```
## Decompression
### Automatic Decompression
Pydicom can automatically decompress pixel data when accessing `pixel_array`:
```python
import pydicom
# Read compressed DICOM
ds = pydicom.dcmread('compressed.dcm')
# Pixel data is automatically decompressed
pixel_array = ds.pixel_array # Decompresses if needed
```
### Manual Decompression
```python
import pydicom
ds = pydicom.dcmread('compressed.dcm')
# Decompress in-place
ds.decompress()
# Now save as uncompressed
ds.save_as('uncompressed.dcm', write_like_original=False)
```
## Compression
### Compressing DICOM Files
```python
import pydicom
ds = pydicom.dcmread('uncompressed.dcm')
# Compress using JPEG 2000 Lossless
ds.compress(pydicom.uid.JPEG2000Lossless)
ds.save_as('compressed_j2k.dcm')
# Compress using RLE Lossless (no additional dependencies)
ds.compress(pydicom.uid.RLELossless)
ds.save_as('compressed_rle.dcm')
# Compress using JPEG Baseline (lossy)
ds.compress(pydicom.uid.JPEGBaseline8Bit)
ds.save_as('compressed_jpeg.dcm')
```
### Compression with Custom Encoding Parameters
```python
import pydicom
from pydicom.encoders import JPEGLSLosslessEncoder
ds = pydicom.dcmread('uncompressed.dcm')
# Compress with custom parameters
ds.compress(pydicom.uid.JPEGLSLossless, encoding_plugin='pylibjpeg')
```
## Installing Compression Handlers
Different transfer syntaxes require different Python packages:
### JPEG Baseline/Extended
```bash
pip install pylibjpeg pylibjpeg-libjpeg
# Or
pip install pillow
```
### JPEG Lossless/JPEG-LS
```bash
pip install pylibjpeg pylibjpeg-libjpeg
# Or
pip install python-gdcm
```
### JPEG 2000
```bash
pip install pylibjpeg pylibjpeg-openjpeg
# Or
pip install python-gdcm
# Or
pip install pillow
```
### RLE
No additional packages needed - built into pydicom
### Comprehensive Installation
```bash
# Install all common handlers
pip install pylibjpeg pylibjpeg-libjpeg pylibjpeg-openjpeg python-gdcm
```
## Checking Available Handlers
```python
import pydicom
# List available pixel data handlers
from pydicom.pixel_data_handlers.util import get_pixel_data_handlers
handlers = get_pixel_data_handlers()
print("Available handlers:")
for handler in handlers:
print(f" - {handler.__name__}")
```
## Best Practices
1. **Use Explicit VR Little Endian** for maximum compatibility when creating new files
2. **Use JPEG 2000 Lossless** for good compression with no quality loss
3. **Use RLE Lossless** if you can't install additional dependencies
4. **Check Transfer Syntax** before processing to ensure you have the right handlers
5. **Test decompression** before deploying to ensure all required packages are installed
6. **Preserve original** transfer syntax when possible using `write_like_original=True`
7. **Consider file size** vs. quality tradeoffs when choosing lossy compression
8. **Use lossless compression** for diagnostic images to maintain clinical quality
## Common Issues
### Issue: "Unable to decode pixel data"
**Cause:** Missing compression handler
**Solution:** Install the appropriate package (see Installing Compression Handlers above)
### Issue: "Unsupported Transfer Syntax"
**Cause:** Rare or unsupported compression format
**Solution:** Try installing `python-gdcm` which supports more formats
### Issue: "Pixel data decompressed but looks wrong"
**Cause:** May need to apply VOI LUT or rescale
**Solution:** Use `apply_voi_lut()` or apply `RescaleSlope`/`RescaleIntercept`
## References
- DICOM Standard Part 5 (Data Structures and Encoding): https://dicom.nema.org/medical/dicom/current/output/chtml/part05/PS3.5.html
- Pydicom Transfer Syntax Documentation: https://pydicom.github.io/pydicom/stable/guides/user/transfer_syntaxes.html
- Pydicom Compression Guide: https://pydicom.github.io/pydicom/stable/old/image_data_compression.html