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+# FDA Drug Databases
+
+This reference covers all FDA drug-related API endpoints accessible through openFDA.
+
+## Overview
+
+The FDA drug databases provide access to information about pharmaceutical products, including adverse events, labeling, recalls, approvals, and shortages. All endpoints follow the openFDA API structure and return JSON-formatted data.
+
+## Available Endpoints
+
+### 1. Drug Adverse Events
+
+**Endpoint**: `https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json`
+
+**Purpose**: Access reports of drug side effects, product use errors, product quality problems, and therapeutic failures submitted to the FDA.
+
+**Data Source**: FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)
+
+**Key Fields**:
+- `patient.drug.medicinalproduct` - Drug name
+- `patient.drug.drugindication` - Reason for taking the drug
+- `patient.reaction.reactionmeddrapt` - Adverse reaction description
+- `receivedate` - Date report was received
+- `serious` - Whether the event was serious (1 = serious, 2 = not serious)
+- `seriousnessdeath` - Whether the event resulted in death
+- `primarysource.qualification` - Reporter qualification (physician, pharmacist, etc.)
+
+**Common Use Cases**:
+- Safety signal detection
+- Post-market surveillance
+- Drug interaction analysis
+- Comparative safety research
+
+**Example Queries**:
+```python
+# Find adverse events for a specific drug
+import requests
+
+api_key = "YOUR_API_KEY"
+url = "https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json"
+
+# Search for aspirin-related adverse events
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "patient.drug.medicinalproduct:aspirin",
+    "limit": 10
+}
+
+response = requests.get(url, params=params)
+data = response.json()
+```
+
+```python
+# Count most common reactions for a drug
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "patient.drug.medicinalproduct:metformin",
+    "count": "patient.reaction.reactionmeddrapt.exact"
+}
+```
+
+### 2. Drug Product Labeling
+
+**Endpoint**: `https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json`
+
+**Purpose**: Access structured product information including prescribing information, warnings, indications, and usage for FDA-approved and marketed drug products.
+
+**Data Source**: Structured Product Labeling (SPL)
+
+**Key Fields**:
+- `openfda.brand_name` - Brand name(s) of the drug
+- `openfda.generic_name` - Generic name(s)
+- `indications_and_usage` - Approved uses
+- `warnings` - Important safety warnings
+- `adverse_reactions` - Known adverse reactions
+- `dosage_and_administration` - How to use the drug
+- `description` - Chemical and physical description
+- `pharmacodynamics` - How the drug works
+- `contraindications` - When not to use the drug
+- `drug_interactions` - Known drug interactions
+- `active_ingredient` - Active ingredients
+- `inactive_ingredient` - Inactive ingredients
+
+**Common Use Cases**:
+- Clinical decision support
+- Drug information lookup
+- Patient education materials
+- Formulary management
+- Drug comparison analysis
+
+**Example Queries**:
+```python
+# Get full labeling for a brand-name drug
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "openfda.brand_name:Lipitor",
+    "limit": 1
+}
+
+response = requests.get("https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json", params=params)
+label_data = response.json()
+
+# Extract specific sections
+if "results" in label_data:
+    label = label_data["results"][0]
+    indications = label.get("indications_and_usage", ["Not available"])[0]
+    warnings = label.get("warnings", ["Not available"])[0]
+```
+
+```python
+# Search labels containing specific warnings
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "warnings:*hypertension*",
+    "limit": 10
+}
+```
+
+### 3. National Drug Code (NDC) Directory
+
+**Endpoint**: `https://api.fda.gov/drug/ndc.json`
+
+**Purpose**: Access the NDC Directory containing information about drug products identified by National Drug Codes.
+
+**Data Source**: FDA NDC Directory
+
+**Key Fields**:
+- `product_ndc` - 10-digit NDC product identifier
+- `generic_name` - Generic drug name
+- `labeler_name` - Company that manufactures/distributes
+- `brand_name` - Brand name if applicable
+- `dosage_form` - Form (tablet, capsule, solution, etc.)
+- `route` - Administration route (oral, injection, topical, etc.)
+- `product_type` - Type of drug product
+- `marketing_category` - Regulatory pathway (NDA, ANDA, OTC, etc.)
+- `application_number` - FDA application number
+- `active_ingredients` - List of active ingredients with strengths
+- `packaging` - Package descriptions and NDC codes
+- `listing_expiration_date` - When listing expires
+
+**Common Use Cases**:
+- NDC lookup and validation
+- Product identification
+- Supply chain management
+- Prescription processing
+- Insurance claims processing
+
+**Example Queries**:
+```python
+# Look up drug by NDC code
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "product_ndc:0069-2110",
+    "limit": 1
+}
+
+response = requests.get("https://api.fda.gov/drug/ndc.json", params=params)
+```
+
+```python
+# Find all products from a specific manufacturer
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "labeler_name:Pfizer",
+    "limit": 100
+}
+```
+
+```python
+# Get all oral tablets of a generic drug
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "generic_name:lisinopril+AND+dosage_form:TABLET",
+    "limit": 50
+}
+```
+
+### 4. Drug Recall Enforcement Reports
+
+**Endpoint**: `https://api.fda.gov/drug/enforcement.json`
+
+**Purpose**: Access drug product recall enforcement reports issued by the FDA.
+
+**Data Source**: FDA Enforcement Reports
+
+**Key Fields**:
+- `status` - Current status (Ongoing, Completed, Terminated)
+- `recall_number` - Unique recall identifier
+- `classification` - Class I, II, or III (severity)
+- `product_description` - Description of recalled product
+- `reason_for_recall` - Why product was recalled
+- `product_quantity` - Amount of product recalled
+- `code_info` - Lot numbers, serial numbers, NDCs
+- `distribution_pattern` - Geographic distribution
+- `recalling_firm` - Company conducting recall
+- `recall_initiation_date` - When recall began
+- `report_date` - When FDA received notice
+- `voluntary_mandated` - Type of recall
+
+**Classification Levels**:
+- **Class I**: Dangerous or defective products that could cause serious health problems or death
+- **Class II**: Products that might cause temporary health problems or pose slight threat of serious nature
+- **Class III**: Products unlikely to cause adverse health reaction but violate FDA labeling/manufacturing regulations
+
+**Common Use Cases**:
+- Quality assurance monitoring
+- Supply chain risk management
+- Patient safety alerts
+- Regulatory compliance tracking
+
+**Example Queries**:
+```python
+# Find all Class I (most serious) drug recalls
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "classification:Class+I",
+    "limit": 20,
+    "sort": "report_date:desc"
+}
+
+response = requests.get("https://api.fda.gov/drug/enforcement.json", params=params)
+```
+
+```python
+# Search for recalls of a specific drug
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "product_description:*metformin*",
+    "limit": 10
+}
+```
+
+```python
+# Find ongoing recalls
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "status:Ongoing",
+    "limit": 50
+}
+```
+
+### 5. Drugs@FDA
+
+**Endpoint**: `https://api.fda.gov/drug/drugsfda.json`
+
+**Purpose**: Access comprehensive information about FDA-approved drug products from Drugs@FDA database, including approval history and regulatory information.
+
+**Data Source**: Drugs@FDA Database (most drugs approved since 1939)
+
+**Key Fields**:
+- `application_number` - NDA/ANDA/BLA number
+- `sponsor_name` - Company that submitted application
+- `openfda.brand_name` - Brand name(s)
+- `openfda.generic_name` - Generic name(s)
+- `products` - Array of approved products under this application
+- `products.active_ingredients` - Active ingredients with strengths
+- `products.dosage_form` - Dosage form
+- `products.route` - Route of administration
+- `products.marketing_status` - Current marketing status
+- `submissions` - Array of regulatory submissions
+- `submissions.submission_type` - Type of submission
+- `submissions.submission_status` - Status (approved, pending, etc.)
+- `submissions.submission_status_date` - Status date
+- `submissions.review_priority` - Priority or standard review
+
+**Common Use Cases**:
+- Drug approval research
+- Regulatory pathway analysis
+- Historical approval tracking
+- Competitive intelligence
+- Market access research
+
+**Example Queries**:
+```python
+# Find approval information for a specific drug
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "openfda.brand_name:Keytruda",
+    "limit": 1
+}
+
+response = requests.get("https://api.fda.gov/drug/drugsfda.json", params=params)
+```
+
+```python
+# Get all drugs approved by a specific sponsor
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "sponsor_name:Moderna",
+    "limit": 100
+}
+```
+
+```python
+# Find drugs with priority review designation
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "submissions.review_priority:Priority",
+    "limit": 50
+}
+```
+
+### 6. Drug Shortages
+
+**Endpoint**: `https://api.fda.gov/drug/drugshortages.json`
+
+**Purpose**: Access information about current and resolved drug shortages affecting the United States.
+
+**Data Source**: FDA Drug Shortages Database
+
+**Key Fields**:
+- `product_name` - Name of drug in shortage
+- `status` - Current status (Currently in Shortage, Resolved, Discontinued)
+- `reason` - Reason for shortage
+- `shortage_start_date` - When shortage began
+- `resolution_date` - When shortage was resolved (if applicable)
+- `discontinuation_date` - If product was discontinued
+- `active_ingredient` - Active ingredients
+- `marketed_by` - Companies marketing the product
+- `presentation` - Dosage form and strength
+
+**Common Use Cases**:
+- Formulary management
+- Supply chain planning
+- Patient care continuity
+- Therapeutic alternative identification
+- Procurement planning
+
+**Example Queries**:
+```python
+# Find current drug shortages
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "status:Currently+in+Shortage",
+    "limit": 100
+}
+
+response = requests.get("https://api.fda.gov/drug/drugshortages.json", params=params)
+```
+
+```python
+# Search for shortages of a specific drug
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "product_name:*amoxicillin*",
+    "limit": 10
+}
+```
+
+```python
+# Get shortage history (both current and resolved)
+params = {
+    "api_key": api_key,
+    "search": "active_ingredient:epinephrine",
+    "limit": 50
+}
+```
+
+## Integration Tips
+
+### Error Handling
+
+```python
+import requests
+import time
+
+def query_fda_drug(endpoint, params, max_retries=3):
+    """
+    Query FDA drug database with error handling and retry logic.
+
+    Args:
+        endpoint: Full URL endpoint (e.g., "https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json")
+        params: Dictionary of query parameters
+        max_retries: Maximum number of retry attempts
+
+    Returns:
+        Response JSON data or None if error
+    """
+    for attempt in range(max_retries):
+        try:
+            response = requests.get(endpoint, params=params, timeout=30)
+            response.raise_for_status()
+            return response.json()
+        except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:
+            if response.status_code == 404:
+                print(f"No results found for query")
+                return None
+            elif response.status_code == 429:
+                # Rate limit exceeded, wait and retry
+                wait_time = 60 * (attempt + 1)
+                print(f"Rate limit exceeded. Waiting {wait_time} seconds...")
+                time.sleep(wait_time)
+            else:
+                print(f"HTTP error occurred: {e}")
+                return None
+        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
+            print(f"Request error: {e}")
+            if attempt < max_retries - 1:
+                time.sleep(5)
+            else:
+                return None
+    return None
+```
+
+### Pagination for Large Result Sets
+
+```python
+def get_all_results(endpoint, search_query, api_key, max_results=1000):
+    """
+    Retrieve all results for a query using pagination.
+
+    Args:
+        endpoint: API endpoint URL
+        search_query: Search query string
+        api_key: FDA API key
+        max_results: Maximum total results to retrieve
+
+    Returns:
+        List of all result records
+    """
+    all_results = []
+    skip = 0
+    limit = 100  # Max per request
+
+    while len(all_results) < max_results:
+        params = {
+            "api_key": api_key,
+            "search": search_query,
+            "limit": limit,
+            "skip": skip
+        }
+
+        data = query_fda_drug(endpoint, params)
+        if not data or "results" not in data:
+            break
+
+        results = data["results"]
+        all_results.extend(results)
+
+        # Check if we've retrieved all available results
+        if len(results) < limit:
+            break
+
+        skip += limit
+        time.sleep(0.25)  # Rate limiting courtesy
+
+    return all_results[:max_results]
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+1. **Always use HTTPS** - HTTP requests are not accepted
+2. **Include API key** - Provides higher rate limits (120,000/day vs 1,000/day)
+3. **Use exact matching for aggregations** - Add `.exact` suffix to field names in count queries
+4. **Implement rate limiting** - Stay within 240 requests/minute
+5. **Cache results** - Avoid redundant queries for the same data
+6. **Handle errors gracefully** - Implement retry logic for transient failures
+7. **Use specific field searches** - More efficient than full-text searches
+8. **Validate NDC codes** - Use standard 11-digit format with hyphens removed
+9. **Monitor API status** - Check openFDA status page for outages
+10. **Respect data limitations** - OpenFDA contains public data only, not all FDA data
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- OpenFDA Drug API Documentation: https://open.fda.gov/apis/drug/
+- API Basics: See `api_basics.md` in this references directory
+- Python examples: See `scripts/fda_drug_query.py`
+- Field reference guides: Available at https://open.fda.gov/apis/drug/[endpoint]/searchable-fields/