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+---
+name: clinpgx-database
+description: "Access ClinPGx pharmacogenomics data (successor to PharmGKB). Query gene-drug interactions, CPIC guidelines, allele functions, for precision medicine and genotype-guided dosing decisions."
+---
+
+# ClinPGx Database
+
+## Overview
+
+ClinPGx (Clinical Pharmacogenomics Database) is a comprehensive resource for clinical pharmacogenomics information, successor to PharmGKB. It consolidates data from PharmGKB, CPIC, and PharmCAT, providing curated information on how genetic variation affects medication response. Access gene-drug pairs, clinical guidelines, allele functions, and drug labels for precision medicine applications.
+
+## When to Use This Skill
+
+This skill should be used when:
+
+- **Gene-drug interactions**: Querying how genetic variants affect drug metabolism, efficacy, or toxicity
+- **CPIC guidelines**: Accessing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for pharmacogenetics
+- **Allele information**: Retrieving allele function, frequency, and phenotype data
+- **Drug labels**: Exploring FDA and other regulatory pharmacogenomic drug labeling
+- **Pharmacogenomic annotations**: Accessing curated literature on gene-drug-disease relationships
+- **Clinical decision support**: Using PharmDOG tool for phenoconversion and custom genotype interpretation
+- **Precision medicine**: Implementing pharmacogenomic testing in clinical practice
+- **Drug metabolism**: Understanding CYP450 and other pharmacogene functions
+- **Personalized dosing**: Finding genotype-guided dosing recommendations
+- **Adverse drug reactions**: Identifying genetic risk factors for drug toxicity
+
+## Installation and Setup
+
+### Python API Access
+
+The ClinPGx REST API provides programmatic access to all database resources. Basic setup:
+
+```bash
+uv pip install requests
+```
+
+### API Endpoint
+
+```python
+BASE_URL = "https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/"
+```
+
+**Rate Limits**:
+- 2 requests per second maximum
+- Excessive requests will result in HTTP 429 (Too Many Requests) response
+
+**Authentication**: Not required for basic access
+
+**Data License**: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
+
+For substantial API use, notify the ClinPGx team at api@clinpgx.org
+
+## Core Capabilities
+
+### 1. Gene Queries
+
+**Retrieve gene information** including function, clinical annotations, and pharmacogenomic significance:
+
+```python
+import requests
+
+# Get gene details
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/gene/CYP2D6")
+gene_data = response.json()
+
+# Search for genes by name
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/gene",
+                       params={"q": "CYP"})
+genes = response.json()
+```
+
+**Key pharmacogenes**:
+- **CYP450 enzymes**: CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP3A5
+- **Transporters**: SLCO1B1, ABCB1, ABCG2
+- **Other metabolizers**: TPMT, DPYD, NUDT15, UGT1A1
+- **Receptors**: OPRM1, HTR2A, ADRB1
+- **HLA genes**: HLA-B, HLA-A
+
+### 2. Drug and Chemical Queries
+
+**Retrieve drug information** including pharmacogenomic annotations and mechanisms:
+
+```python
+# Get drug details
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/chemical/PA448515")  # Warfarin
+drug_data = response.json()
+
+# Search drugs by name
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/chemical",
+                       params={"name": "warfarin"})
+drugs = response.json()
+```
+
+**Drug categories with pharmacogenomic significance**:
+- Anticoagulants (warfarin, clopidogrel)
+- Antidepressants (SSRIs, TCAs)
+- Immunosuppressants (tacrolimus, azathioprine)
+- Oncology drugs (5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, tamoxifen)
+- Cardiovascular drugs (statins, beta-blockers)
+- Pain medications (codeine, tramadol)
+- Antivirals (abacavir)
+
+### 3. Gene-Drug Pair Queries
+
+**Access curated gene-drug relationships** with clinical annotations:
+
+```python
+# Get gene-drug pair information
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/geneDrugPair",
+                       params={"gene": "CYP2D6", "drug": "codeine"})
+pair_data = response.json()
+
+# Get all pairs for a gene
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/geneDrugPair",
+                       params={"gene": "CYP2C19"})
+all_pairs = response.json()
+```
+
+**Clinical annotation sources**:
+- CPIC (Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium)
+- DPWG (Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group)
+- FDA (Food and Drug Administration) labels
+- Peer-reviewed literature summary annotations
+
+### 4. CPIC Guidelines
+
+**Access evidence-based clinical practice guidelines**:
+
+```python
+# Get CPIC guideline
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/guideline/PA166104939")
+guideline = response.json()
+
+# List all CPIC guidelines
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/guideline",
+                       params={"source": "CPIC"})
+guidelines = response.json()
+```
+
+**CPIC guideline components**:
+- Gene-drug pairs covered
+- Clinical recommendations by phenotype
+- Evidence levels and strength ratings
+- Supporting literature
+- Downloadable PDFs and supplementary materials
+- Implementation considerations
+
+**Example guidelines**:
+- CYP2D6-codeine (avoid in ultra-rapid metabolizers)
+- CYP2C19-clopidogrel (alternative therapy for poor metabolizers)
+- TPMT-azathioprine (dose reduction for intermediate/poor metabolizers)
+- DPYD-fluoropyrimidines (dose adjustment based on activity)
+- HLA-B*57:01-abacavir (avoid if positive)
+
+### 5. Allele and Variant Information
+
+**Query allele function and frequency data**:
+
+```python
+# Get allele information
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/allele/CYP2D6*4")
+allele_data = response.json()
+
+# Get all alleles for a gene
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/allele",
+                       params={"gene": "CYP2D6"})
+alleles = response.json()
+```
+
+**Allele information includes**:
+- Functional status (normal, decreased, no function, increased, uncertain)
+- Population frequencies across ethnic groups
+- Defining variants (SNPs, indels, CNVs)
+- Phenotype assignment
+- References to PharmVar and other nomenclature systems
+
+**Phenotype categories**:
+- **Ultra-rapid metabolizer** (UM): Increased enzyme activity
+- **Normal metabolizer** (NM): Normal enzyme activity
+- **Intermediate metabolizer** (IM): Reduced enzyme activity
+- **Poor metabolizer** (PM): Little to no enzyme activity
+
+### 6. Variant Annotations
+
+**Access clinical annotations for specific genetic variants**:
+
+```python
+# Get variant information
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/variant/rs4244285")
+variant_data = response.json()
+
+# Search variants by position (if supported)
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/variant",
+                       params={"chromosome": "10", "position": "94781859"})
+variants = response.json()
+```
+
+**Variant data includes**:
+- rsID and genomic coordinates
+- Gene and functional consequence
+- Allele associations
+- Clinical significance
+- Population frequencies
+- Literature references
+
+### 7. Clinical Annotations
+
+**Retrieve curated literature annotations** (formerly PharmGKB clinical annotations):
+
+```python
+# Get clinical annotations
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/clinicalAnnotation",
+                       params={"gene": "CYP2D6"})
+annotations = response.json()
+
+# Filter by evidence level
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/clinicalAnnotation",
+                       params={"evidenceLevel": "1A"})
+high_evidence = response.json()
+```
+
+**Evidence levels** (from highest to lowest):
+- **Level 1A**: High-quality evidence, CPIC/FDA/DPWG guidelines
+- **Level 1B**: High-quality evidence, not yet guideline
+- **Level 2A**: Moderate evidence from well-designed studies
+- **Level 2B**: Moderate evidence with some limitations
+- **Level 3**: Limited or conflicting evidence
+- **Level 4**: Case reports or weak evidence
+
+### 8. Drug Labels
+
+**Access pharmacogenomic information from drug labels**:
+
+```python
+# Get drug labels with PGx information
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/drugLabel",
+                       params={"drug": "warfarin"})
+labels = response.json()
+
+# Filter by regulatory source
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/drugLabel",
+                       params={"source": "FDA"})
+fda_labels = response.json()
+```
+
+**Label information includes**:
+- Testing recommendations
+- Dosing guidance by genotype
+- Warnings and precautions
+- Biomarker information
+- Regulatory source (FDA, EMA, PMDA, etc.)
+
+### 9. Pathways
+
+**Explore pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic pathways**:
+
+```python
+# Get pathway information
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/pathway/PA146123006")  # Warfarin pathway
+pathway_data = response.json()
+
+# Search pathways by drug
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/pathway",
+                       params={"drug": "warfarin"})
+pathways = response.json()
+```
+
+**Pathway diagrams** show:
+- Drug metabolism steps
+- Enzymes and transporters involved
+- Gene variants affecting each step
+- Downstream effects on efficacy/toxicity
+- Interactions with other pathways
+
+## Query Workflow
+
+### Workflow 1: Clinical Decision Support for Drug Prescription
+
+1. **Identify patient genotype** for relevant pharmacogenes:
+   ```python
+   # Example: Patient is CYP2C19 *1/*2 (intermediate metabolizer)
+   response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/allele/CYP2C19*2")
+   allele_function = response.json()
+   ```
+
+2. **Query gene-drug pairs** for medication of interest:
+   ```python
+   response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/geneDrugPair",
+                          params={"gene": "CYP2C19", "drug": "clopidogrel"})
+   pair_info = response.json()
+   ```
+
+3. **Retrieve CPIC guideline** for dosing recommendations:
+   ```python
+   response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/guideline",
+                          params={"gene": "CYP2C19", "drug": "clopidogrel"})
+   guideline = response.json()
+   # Recommendation: Alternative antiplatelet therapy for IM/PM
+   ```
+
+4. **Check drug label** for regulatory guidance:
+   ```python
+   response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/drugLabel",
+                          params={"drug": "clopidogrel"})
+   label = response.json()
+   ```
+
+### Workflow 2: Gene Panel Analysis
+
+1. **Get list of pharmacogenes** in clinical panel:
+   ```python
+   pgx_panel = ["CYP2C19", "CYP2D6", "CYP2C9", "TPMT", "DPYD", "SLCO1B1"]
+   ```
+
+2. **For each gene, retrieve all drug interactions**:
+   ```python
+   all_interactions = {}
+   for gene in pgx_panel:
+       response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/geneDrugPair",
+                              params={"gene": gene})
+       all_interactions[gene] = response.json()
+   ```
+
+3. **Filter for CPIC guideline-level evidence**:
+   ```python
+   for gene, pairs in all_interactions.items():
+       for pair in pairs:
+           if pair.get('cpicLevel'):  # Has CPIC guideline
+               print(f"{gene} - {pair['drug']}: {pair['cpicLevel']}")
+   ```
+
+4. **Generate patient report** with actionable pharmacogenomic findings.
+
+### Workflow 3: Drug Safety Assessment
+
+1. **Query drug for PGx associations**:
+   ```python
+   response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/chemical",
+                          params={"name": "abacavir"})
+   drug_id = response.json()[0]['id']
+   ```
+
+2. **Get clinical annotations**:
+   ```python
+   response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/clinicalAnnotation",
+                          params={"drug": drug_id})
+   annotations = response.json()
+   ```
+
+3. **Check for HLA associations** and toxicity risk:
+   ```python
+   for annotation in annotations:
+       if 'HLA' in annotation.get('genes', []):
+           print(f"Toxicity risk: {annotation['phenotype']}")
+           print(f"Evidence level: {annotation['evidenceLevel']}")
+   ```
+
+4. **Retrieve screening recommendations** from guidelines and labels.
+
+### Workflow 4: Research Analysis - Population Pharmacogenomics
+
+1. **Get allele frequencies** for population comparison:
+   ```python
+   response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/allele",
+                          params={"gene": "CYP2D6"})
+   alleles = response.json()
+   ```
+
+2. **Extract population-specific frequencies**:
+   ```python
+   populations = ['European', 'African', 'East Asian', 'Latino']
+   frequency_data = {}
+   for allele in alleles:
+       allele_name = allele['name']
+       frequency_data[allele_name] = {
+           pop: allele.get(f'{pop}_frequency', 'N/A')
+           for pop in populations
+       }
+   ```
+
+3. **Calculate phenotype distributions** by population:
+   ```python
+   # Combine allele frequencies with function to predict phenotypes
+   phenotype_dist = calculate_phenotype_frequencies(frequency_data)
+   ```
+
+4. **Analyze implications** for drug dosing in diverse populations.
+
+### Workflow 5: Literature Evidence Review
+
+1. **Search for gene-drug pair**:
+   ```python
+   response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/geneDrugPair",
+                          params={"gene": "TPMT", "drug": "azathioprine"})
+   pair = response.json()
+   ```
+
+2. **Retrieve all clinical annotations**:
+   ```python
+   response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/clinicalAnnotation",
+                          params={"gene": "TPMT", "drug": "azathioprine"})
+   annotations = response.json()
+   ```
+
+3. **Filter by evidence level and publication date**:
+   ```python
+   high_quality = [a for a in annotations
+                   if a['evidenceLevel'] in ['1A', '1B', '2A']]
+   ```
+
+4. **Extract PMIDs** and retrieve full references:
+   ```python
+   pmids = [a['pmid'] for a in high_quality if 'pmid' in a]
+   # Use PubMed skill to retrieve full citations
+   ```
+
+## Rate Limiting and Best Practices
+
+### Rate Limit Compliance
+
+```python
+import time
+
+def rate_limited_request(url, params=None, delay=0.5):
+    """Make API request with rate limiting (2 req/sec max)"""
+    response = requests.get(url, params=params)
+    time.sleep(delay)  # Wait 0.5 seconds between requests
+    return response
+
+# Use in loops
+genes = ["CYP2D6", "CYP2C19", "CYP2C9"]
+for gene in genes:
+    response = rate_limited_request(
+        "https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/gene/" + gene
+    )
+    data = response.json()
+```
+
+### Error Handling
+
+```python
+def safe_api_call(url, params=None, max_retries=3):
+    """API call with error handling and retries"""
+    for attempt in range(max_retries):
+        try:
+            response = requests.get(url, params=params, timeout=10)
+
+            if response.status_code == 200:
+                return response.json()
+            elif response.status_code == 429:
+                # Rate limit exceeded
+                wait_time = 2 ** attempt  # Exponential backoff
+                print(f"Rate limit hit. Waiting {wait_time}s...")
+                time.sleep(wait_time)
+            else:
+                response.raise_for_status()
+
+        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
+            print(f"Attempt {attempt + 1} failed: {e}")
+            if attempt == max_retries - 1:
+                raise
+            time.sleep(1)
+```
+
+### Caching Results
+
+```python
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+
+def cached_query(cache_file, api_func, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Cache API results to avoid repeated queries"""
+    cache_path = Path(cache_file)
+
+    if cache_path.exists():
+        with open(cache_path) as f:
+            return json.load(f)
+
+    result = api_func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    with open(cache_path, 'w') as f:
+        json.dump(result, f, indent=2)
+
+    return result
+
+# Usage
+gene_data = cached_query(
+    'cyp2d6_cache.json',
+    rate_limited_request,
+    "https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/gene/CYP2D6"
+)
+```
+
+## PharmDOG Tool
+
+PharmDOG (formerly DDRx) is ClinPGx's clinical decision support tool for interpreting pharmacogenomic test results:
+
+**Key features**:
+- **Phenoconversion calculator**: Adjusts phenotype predictions for drug-drug interactions affecting CYP2D6
+- **Custom genotypes**: Input patient genotypes to get phenotype predictions
+- **QR code sharing**: Generate shareable patient reports
+- **Flexible guidance sources**: Select which guidelines to apply (CPIC, DPWG, FDA)
+- **Multi-drug analysis**: Assess multiple medications simultaneously
+
+**Access**: Available at https://www.clinpgx.org/pharmacogenomic-decision-support
+
+**Use cases**:
+- Clinical interpretation of PGx panel results
+- Medication review for patients with known genotypes
+- Patient education materials
+- Point-of-care decision support
+
+## Resources
+
+### scripts/query_clinpgx.py
+
+Python script with ready-to-use functions for common ClinPGx queries:
+
+- `get_gene_info(gene_symbol)` - Retrieve gene details
+- `get_drug_info(drug_name)` - Get drug information
+- `get_gene_drug_pairs(gene, drug)` - Query gene-drug interactions
+- `get_cpic_guidelines(gene, drug)` - Retrieve CPIC guidelines
+- `get_alleles(gene)` - Get all alleles for a gene
+- `get_clinical_annotations(gene, drug, evidence_level)` - Query literature annotations
+- `get_drug_labels(drug)` - Retrieve pharmacogenomic drug labels
+- `search_variants(rsid)` - Search by variant rsID
+- `export_to_dataframe(data)` - Convert results to pandas DataFrame
+
+Consult this script for implementation examples with proper rate limiting and error handling.
+
+### references/api_reference.md
+
+Comprehensive API documentation including:
+
+- Complete endpoint listing with parameters
+- Request/response format specifications
+- Example queries for each endpoint
+- Filter operators and search patterns
+- Data schema definitions
+- Rate limiting details
+- Authentication requirements (if any)
+- Troubleshooting common errors
+
+Refer to this document when detailed API information is needed or when constructing complex queries.
+
+## Important Notes
+
+### Data Sources and Integration
+
+ClinPGx consolidates multiple authoritative sources:
+- **PharmGKB**: Curated pharmacogenomics knowledge base (now part of ClinPGx)
+- **CPIC**: Evidence-based clinical implementation guidelines
+- **PharmCAT**: Allele calling and phenotype interpretation tool
+- **DPWG**: Dutch pharmacogenetics guidelines
+- **FDA/EMA labels**: Regulatory pharmacogenomic information
+
+As of July 2025, all PharmGKB URLs redirect to corresponding ClinPGx pages.
+
+### Clinical Implementation Considerations
+
+- **Evidence levels**: Always check evidence strength before clinical application
+- **Population differences**: Allele frequencies vary significantly across populations
+- **Phenoconversion**: Consider drug-drug interactions that affect enzyme activity
+- **Multi-gene effects**: Some drugs affected by multiple pharmacogenes
+- **Non-genetic factors**: Age, organ function, drug interactions also affect response
+- **Testing limitations**: Not all clinically relevant alleles detected by all assays
+
+### Data Updates
+
+- ClinPGx continuously updates with new evidence and guidelines
+- Check publication dates for clinical annotations
+- Monitor ClinPGx Blog (https://blog.clinpgx.org/) for announcements
+- CPIC guidelines updated as new evidence emerges
+- PharmVar provides nomenclature updates for allele definitions
+
+### API Stability
+
+- API endpoints are relatively stable but may change during development
+- Parameters and response formats subject to modification
+- Monitor API changelog and ClinPGx blog for updates
+- Consider version pinning for production applications
+- Test API changes in development before production deployment
+
+## Common Use Cases
+
+### Pre-emptive Pharmacogenomic Testing
+
+Query all clinically actionable gene-drug pairs to guide panel selection:
+
+```python
+# Get all CPIC guideline pairs
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/geneDrugPair",
+                       params={"cpicLevel": "A"})  # Level A recommendations
+actionable_pairs = response.json()
+```
+
+### Medication Therapy Management
+
+Review patient medications against known genotypes:
+
+```python
+patient_genes = {"CYP2C19": "*1/*2", "CYP2D6": "*1/*1", "SLCO1B1": "*1/*5"}
+medications = ["clopidogrel", "simvastatin", "escitalopram"]
+
+for med in medications:
+    for gene in patient_genes:
+        response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/geneDrugPair",
+                               params={"gene": gene, "drug": med})
+        # Check for interactions and dosing guidance
+```
+
+### Clinical Trial Eligibility
+
+Screen for pharmacogenomic contraindications:
+
+```python
+# Check for HLA-B*57:01 before abacavir trial
+response = requests.get("https://api.clinpgx.org/v1/geneDrugPair",
+                       params={"gene": "HLA-B", "drug": "abacavir"})
+pair_info = response.json()
+# CPIC: Do not use if HLA-B*57:01 positive
+```
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- **ClinPGx website**: https://www.clinpgx.org/
+- **ClinPGx Blog**: https://blog.clinpgx.org/
+- **API documentation**: https://api.clinpgx.org/
+- **CPIC website**: https://cpicpgx.org/
+- **PharmCAT**: https://pharmcat.clinpgx.org/
+- **ClinGen**: https://clinicalgenome.org/
+- **Contact**: api@clinpgx.org (for substantial API use)