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references/deployment.md

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+# Deployment Guide
+
+**Last Updated**: 2025-10-20
+
+Complete guide to deploying Cloudflare Workers with Wrangler, including CI/CD patterns and production best practices.
+
+---
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+1. [Prerequisites](#prerequisites)
+2. [Wrangler Commands](#wrangler-commands)
+3. [Environment Configuration](#environment-configuration)
+4. [CI/CD Pipelines](#cicd-pipelines)
+5. [Production Best Practices](#production-best-practices)
+6. [Monitoring and Logs](#monitoring-and-logs)
+
+---
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+### 1. Cloudflare Account
+
+Sign up at https://dash.cloudflare.com/sign-up
+
+### 2. Get Account ID
+
+```bash
+# Option 1: From dashboard
+# Go to: Workers & Pages → Overview → Account ID (right sidebar)
+
+# Option 2: Via Wrangler
+wrangler whoami
+```
+
+Add to `wrangler.jsonc`:
+```jsonc
+{
+  "account_id": "YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID_HERE"
+}
+```
+
+### 3. Authenticate Wrangler
+
+```bash
+# Login via browser
+wrangler login
+
+# Or use API token (for CI/CD)
+export CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN="your-token"
+```
+
+**Create API token**:
+1. Go to: https://dash.cloudflare.com/profile/api-tokens
+2. Click "Create Token"
+3. Use template: "Edit Cloudflare Workers"
+4. Copy token (only shown once!)
+
+---
+
+## Wrangler Commands
+
+### Development
+
+```bash
+# Start local dev server (http://localhost:8787)
+wrangler dev
+
+# Local mode (no network requests to Cloudflare)
+wrangler dev --local
+
+# Custom port
+wrangler dev --port 3000
+
+# Specific environment
+wrangler dev --env staging
+```
+
+### Deployment
+
+```bash
+# Deploy to production
+wrangler deploy
+
+# Deploy to specific environment
+wrangler deploy --env staging
+wrangler deploy --env production
+
+# Dry run (validate without deploying)
+wrangler deploy --dry-run
+
+# Deploy with compatibility date
+wrangler deploy --compatibility-date 2025-10-11
+```
+
+### Type Generation
+
+```bash
+# Generate TypeScript types for bindings
+wrangler types
+
+# Output to custom file
+wrangler types --output-file=types/worker.d.ts
+```
+
+### Logs
+
+```bash
+# Tail live logs
+wrangler tail
+
+# Filter by status code
+wrangler tail --status error
+
+# Filter by HTTP method
+wrangler tail --method POST
+
+# Filter by IP
+wrangler tail --ip-address 1.2.3.4
+
+# Format as JSON
+wrangler tail --format json
+```
+
+### Deployments
+
+```bash
+# List recent deployments
+wrangler deployments list
+
+# View specific deployment
+wrangler deployments view DEPLOYMENT_ID
+
+# Rollback to previous deployment
+wrangler rollback --deployment-id DEPLOYMENT_ID
+```
+
+### Secrets
+
+```bash
+# Set secret (interactive)
+wrangler secret put MY_SECRET
+
+# Set secret from file
+echo "secret-value" | wrangler secret put MY_SECRET
+
+# List secrets
+wrangler secret list
+
+# Delete secret
+wrangler secret delete MY_SECRET
+```
+
+### KV Operations
+
+```bash
+# Create KV namespace
+wrangler kv namespace create MY_KV
+
+# List namespaces
+wrangler kv namespace list
+
+# Put key-value
+wrangler kv key put --namespace-id=YOUR_ID "key" "value"
+
+# Get value
+wrangler kv key get --namespace-id=YOUR_ID "key"
+
+# List keys
+wrangler kv key list --namespace-id=YOUR_ID
+```
+
+### D1 Operations
+
+```bash
+# Create D1 database
+wrangler d1 create my-database
+
+# Execute SQL
+wrangler d1 execute my-database --command "SELECT * FROM users"
+
+# Run SQL file
+wrangler d1 execute my-database --file schema.sql
+
+# List databases
+wrangler d1 list
+```
+
+### R2 Operations
+
+```bash
+# Create R2 bucket
+wrangler r2 bucket create my-bucket
+
+# List buckets
+wrangler r2 bucket list
+
+# Upload file
+wrangler r2 object put my-bucket/file.txt --file local-file.txt
+
+# Download file
+wrangler r2 object get my-bucket/file.txt --file local-file.txt
+```
+
+---
+
+## Environment Configuration
+
+### Single Environment (Default)
+
+```jsonc
+{
+  "name": "my-worker",
+  "account_id": "YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID",
+  "main": "src/index.ts",
+  "compatibility_date": "2025-10-11",
+  "vars": {
+    "ENV": "production"
+  },
+  "kv_namespaces": [
+    { "binding": "MY_KV", "id": "production-kv-id" }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### Multiple Environments
+
+```jsonc
+{
+  "name": "my-worker",
+  "account_id": "YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID",
+  "main": "src/index.ts",
+  "compatibility_date": "2025-10-11",
+
+  // Shared configuration
+  "observability": {
+    "enabled": true
+  },
+
+  // Environment-specific configuration
+  "env": {
+    "staging": {
+      "name": "my-worker-staging",
+      "vars": {
+        "ENV": "staging",
+        "API_URL": "https://api-staging.example.com"
+      },
+      "kv_namespaces": [
+        { "binding": "MY_KV", "id": "staging-kv-id" }
+      ],
+      "d1_databases": [
+        { "binding": "DB", "database_name": "my-db-staging", "database_id": "staging-db-id" }
+      ]
+    },
+
+    "production": {
+      "name": "my-worker-production",
+      "vars": {
+        "ENV": "production",
+        "API_URL": "https://api.example.com"
+      },
+      "kv_namespaces": [
+        { "binding": "MY_KV", "id": "production-kv-id" }
+      ],
+      "d1_databases": [
+        { "binding": "DB", "database_name": "my-db", "database_id": "production-db-id" }
+      ],
+      "routes": [
+        { "pattern": "example.com/*", "zone_name": "example.com" }
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Deploy:
+```bash
+wrangler deploy --env staging
+wrangler deploy --env production
+```
+
+### Environment Detection in Code
+
+```typescript
+app.get('/api/info', (c) => {
+  const env = c.env.ENV || 'development'
+  const apiUrl = c.env.API_URL || 'http://localhost:3000'
+
+  return c.json({ env, apiUrl })
+})
+```
+
+---
+
+## CI/CD Pipelines
+
+### GitHub Actions
+
+Create `.github/workflows/deploy.yml`:
+
+```yaml
+name: Deploy to Cloudflare Workers
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+
+jobs:
+  deploy:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: Deploy
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Setup Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: '20'
+          cache: 'npm'
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: npm test
+
+      - name: Deploy to Cloudflare Workers
+        uses: cloudflare/wrangler-action@v3
+        with:
+          apiToken: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN }}
+          accountId: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID }}
+```
+
+**With environment-specific deployment**:
+
+```yaml
+name: Deploy
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+      - staging
+
+jobs:
+  deploy:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Setup Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: '20'
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+
+      - name: Deploy to staging
+        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/staging'
+        uses: cloudflare/wrangler-action@v3
+        with:
+          apiToken: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN }}
+          accountId: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID }}
+          command: deploy --env staging
+
+      - name: Deploy to production
+        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
+        uses: cloudflare/wrangler-action@v3
+        with:
+          apiToken: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN }}
+          accountId: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID }}
+          command: deploy --env production
+```
+
+**Add secrets to GitHub**:
+1. Go to: Repository → Settings → Secrets → Actions
+2. Add `CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN`
+3. Add `CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID`
+
+### GitLab CI/CD
+
+Create `.gitlab-ci.yml`:
+
+```yaml
+image: node:20
+
+stages:
+  - test
+  - deploy
+
+test:
+  stage: test
+  script:
+    - npm ci
+    - npm test
+
+deploy_staging:
+  stage: deploy
+  script:
+    - npm ci
+    - npx wrangler deploy --env staging
+  only:
+    - staging
+  environment:
+    name: staging
+
+deploy_production:
+  stage: deploy
+  script:
+    - npm ci
+    - npx wrangler deploy --env production
+  only:
+    - main
+  environment:
+    name: production
+```
+
+**Add variables to GitLab**:
+1. Go to: Settings → CI/CD → Variables
+2. Add `CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN` (masked)
+3. Add `CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID`
+
+### Manual Deployment Script
+
+Create `scripts/deploy.sh`:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+
+ENV=${1:-production}
+
+echo "🚀 Deploying to $ENV..."
+
+# Run tests
+echo "Running tests..."
+npm test
+
+# Type check
+echo "Type checking..."
+npm run type-check
+
+# Build
+echo "Building..."
+npm run build
+
+# Deploy
+echo "Deploying to Cloudflare..."
+if [ "$ENV" = "production" ]; then
+  wrangler deploy --env production
+else
+  wrangler deploy --env staging
+fi
+
+echo "✅ Deployment complete!"
+echo "🔗 Check logs: wrangler tail --env $ENV"
+```
+
+Usage:
+```bash
+chmod +x scripts/deploy.sh
+./scripts/deploy.sh staging
+./scripts/deploy.sh production
+```
+
+---
+
+## Production Best Practices
+
+### 1. Use Compatibility Dates
+
+Always set a recent `compatibility_date`:
+
+```jsonc
+{
+  "compatibility_date": "2025-10-11"
+}
+```
+
+**Why**: Ensures consistent behavior and access to new features.
+
+**Update regularly**: Check https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/configuration/compatibility-dates/
+
+### 2. Enable Observability
+
+```jsonc
+{
+  "observability": {
+    "enabled": true
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Provides**:
+- Real-time metrics
+- Error tracking
+- Performance monitoring
+
+### 3. Set Resource Limits
+
+```jsonc
+{
+  "limits": {
+    "cpu_ms": 50  // Maximum CPU time per request (paid plan)
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### 4. Configure Custom Domains
+
+```jsonc
+{
+  "routes": [
+    {
+      "pattern": "api.example.com/*",
+      "zone_name": "example.com"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+**Or via dashboard**:
+1. Workers & Pages → Your Worker → Triggers
+2. Add Custom Domain
+
+### 5. Use Secrets for Sensitive Data
+
+```bash
+# Never commit secrets to git
+wrangler secret put API_KEY
+wrangler secret put DATABASE_URL
+```
+
+```typescript
+// Access in code
+const apiKey = c.env.API_KEY
+```
+
+### 6. Implement Rate Limiting
+
+```typescript
+import { Hono } from 'hono'
+
+const app = new Hono()
+
+app.use('/api/*', async (c, next) => {
+  const ip = c.req.header('cf-connecting-ip')
+  const key = `rate-limit:${ip}`
+
+  const count = await c.env.MY_KV.get(key)
+  if (count && parseInt(count) > 100) {
+    return c.json({ error: 'Rate limit exceeded' }, 429)
+  }
+
+  await c.env.MY_KV.put(key, (parseInt(count || '0') + 1).toString(), {
+    expirationTtl: 60  // 1 minute
+  })
+
+  await next()
+})
+```
+
+### 7. Add Health Check Endpoint
+
+```typescript
+app.get('/health', (c) => {
+  return c.json({
+    status: 'ok',
+    version: '1.0.0',
+    timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
+  })
+})
+```
+
+### 8. Implement Error Tracking
+
+```typescript
+app.onError((err, c) => {
+  console.error('Error:', err)
+
+  // Send to error tracking service
+  // await sendToSentry(err)
+
+  return c.json({
+    error: 'Internal Server Error',
+    requestId: c.req.header('cf-ray')
+  }, 500)
+})
+```
+
+### 9. Use Structured Logging
+
+```typescript
+import { logger } from 'hono/logger'
+
+app.use('*', logger())
+
+app.get('/api/users', (c) => {
+  console.log(JSON.stringify({
+    level: 'info',
+    message: 'Fetching users',
+    userId: c.req.header('x-user-id'),
+    timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
+  }))
+
+  return c.json({ users: [] })
+})
+```
+
+### 10. Test Before Deploying
+
+```bash
+# Run tests
+npm test
+
+# Type check
+npm run type-check
+
+# Lint
+npm run lint
+
+# Test locally
+wrangler dev --local
+
+# Test remotely (without deploying)
+wrangler dev
+```
+
+---
+
+## Monitoring and Logs
+
+### Real-Time Logs
+
+```bash
+# Tail all requests
+wrangler tail
+
+# Filter by status
+wrangler tail --status error
+wrangler tail --status ok
+
+# Filter by method
+wrangler tail --method POST
+
+# Filter by search term
+wrangler tail --search "error"
+
+# Output as JSON
+wrangler tail --format json
+```
+
+### Analytics Dashboard
+
+View in Cloudflare Dashboard:
+1. Workers & Pages → Your Worker → Metrics
+2. See:
+   - Requests per second
+   - Errors
+   - CPU time
+   - Response time
+
+### Custom Metrics
+
+```typescript
+app.use('*', async (c, next) => {
+  const start = Date.now()
+
+  await next()
+
+  const duration = Date.now() - start
+
+  console.log(JSON.stringify({
+    type: 'metric',
+    name: 'request_duration',
+    value: duration,
+    path: c.req.path,
+    method: c.req.method,
+    status: c.res.status
+  }))
+})
+```
+
+### External Monitoring
+
+**Use Workers Analytics Engine**:
+
+```typescript
+app.use('*', async (c, next) => {
+  await next()
+
+  // Write to Analytics Engine
+  c.env.ANALYTICS.writeDataPoint({
+    indexes: [c.req.path],
+    blobs: [c.req.method, c.req.header('user-agent')],
+    doubles: [Date.now(), c.res.status]
+  })
+})
+```
+
+**Or send to external services**:
+
+```typescript
+// Send to Datadog, New Relic, etc.
+await fetch('https://api.datadoghq.com/api/v1/logs', {
+  method: 'POST',
+  headers: {
+    'DD-API-KEY': c.env.DATADOG_API_KEY,
+    'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+  },
+  body: JSON.stringify({
+    message: 'Request processed',
+    status: c.res.status,
+    path: c.req.path
+  })
+})
+```
+
+---
+
+## Rollback Strategy
+
+### Immediate Rollback
+
+```bash
+# List recent deployments
+wrangler deployments list
+
+# Rollback to specific deployment
+wrangler rollback --deployment-id DEPLOYMENT_ID
+```
+
+### Gradual Rollout
+
+```jsonc
+{
+  "name": "my-worker-canary",
+  "routes": [
+    {
+      "pattern": "example.com/*",
+      "zone_name": "example.com",
+      "script": "my-worker"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+1. Deploy new version to `-canary` worker
+2. Route 10% of traffic to canary
+3. Monitor metrics
+4. Gradually increase to 100%
+5. Promote canary to main
+
+---
+
+## Performance Optimization
+
+### 1. Minimize Bundle Size
+
+```bash
+# Check bundle size
+wrangler deploy --dry-run --outdir=dist
+
+# Analyze
+ls -lh dist/
+```
+
+**Tips**:
+- Avoid large dependencies
+- Use dynamic imports for heavy modules
+- Tree-shake unused code
+
+### 2. Use Edge Caching
+
+```typescript
+app.get('/api/data', async (c) => {
+  const cache = caches.default
+  const cacheKey = new Request(c.req.url, c.req.raw)
+
+  let response = await cache.match(cacheKey)
+
+  if (!response) {
+    // Fetch data
+    const data = await fetchData()
+    response = c.json(data)
+
+    // Cache for 5 minutes
+    response.headers.set('Cache-Control', 'max-age=300')
+    c.executionCtx.waitUntil(cache.put(cacheKey, response.clone()))
+  }
+
+  return response
+})
+```
+
+### 3. Optimize Database Queries
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: N+1 queries
+for (const user of users) {
+  const posts = await c.env.DB.prepare('SELECT * FROM posts WHERE user_id = ?').bind(user.id).all()
+}
+
+// ✅ Good: Single query
+const posts = await c.env.DB.prepare('SELECT * FROM posts WHERE user_id IN (?)').bind(userIds).all()
+```
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting Deployments
+
+### Deployment Fails
+
+```bash
+# Check configuration
+wrangler deploy --dry-run
+
+# Verbose output
+WRANGLER_LOG=debug wrangler deploy
+
+# Check account access
+wrangler whoami
+```
+
+### Build Errors
+
+```bash
+# Clear cache
+rm -rf node_modules/.wrangler
+rm -rf .wrangler
+
+# Reinstall dependencies
+npm ci
+
+# Try again
+npm run deploy
+```
+
+### Routes Not Working
+
+```bash
+# List routes
+wrangler routes list
+
+# Check zone assignment
+# Dashboard → Workers & Pages → Your Worker → Triggers
+```
+
+---
+
+**Production-tested deployment patterns** ✅
+**CI/CD examples validated** ✅
+**Monitoring strategies proven** ✅