# Clerk JWT Claims: Complete Reference

**Last Updated**: 2025-10-22
**Clerk API Version**: 2025-04-10
**Status**: Production Ready ✅

---

## Overview

This guide provides comprehensive documentation for all JWT claims available in Clerk, including default claims, user property shortcodes, organization claims, metadata access patterns, and advanced template features.

**Use this guide when**:
- Creating custom JWT templates in Clerk Dashboard
- Integrating with third-party services requiring specific token formats
- Implementing role-based access control (RBAC)
- Building multi-tenant applications
- Accessing user data in backend services

---

## Table of Contents

1. [Default Claims (Auto-Included)](#default-claims-auto-included)
2. [User Property Shortcodes](#user-property-shortcodes)
3. [Organization Claims](#organization-claims)
4. [Metadata Access](#metadata-access)
5. [Advanced Template Features](#advanced-template-features)
6. [Creating JWT Templates](#creating-jwt-templates)
7. [TypeScript Type Safety](#typescript-type-safety)
8. [Common Use Cases](#common-use-cases)
9. [Limitations & Gotchas](#limitations--gotchas)
10. [Official Documentation](#official-documentation)

---

## Default Claims (Auto-Included)

Every JWT generated by Clerk automatically includes these claims. **These cannot be overridden in custom templates**.

```json
{
  "azp": "http://localhost:3000",           // Authorized party (your app URL)
  "exp": 1639398300,                         // Expiration time (Unix timestamp)
  "iat": 1639398272,                         // Issued at (Unix timestamp)
  "iss": "https://your-app.clerk.accounts.dev", // Issuer (Clerk instance URL)
  "jti": "10db7f531a90cb2faea4",            // JWT ID (unique identifier)
  "nbf": 1639398220,                         // Not before (Unix timestamp)
  "sub": "user_1deJLArSTiWiF1YdsEWysnhJLLY" // Subject (user ID)
}
```

### Claim Descriptions

| Claim | Name | Description | Can Override? |
|-------|------|-------------|---------------|
| `azp` | Authorized Party | The URL of your application | ❌ No |
| `exp` | Expiration Time | When the token expires (Unix timestamp) | ❌ No |
| `iat` | Issued At | When the token was created (Unix timestamp) | ❌ No |
| `iss` | Issuer | Your Clerk instance URL | ❌ No |
| `jti` | JWT ID | Unique identifier for this token | ❌ No |
| `nbf` | Not Before | Token not valid before this time (Unix timestamp) | ❌ No |
| `sub` | Subject | User ID (same as `userId` in auth objects) | ❌ No |

**IMPORTANT**: These claims consume approximately **200-300 bytes** of the 4KB cookie limit, leaving ~1.2KB for custom claims.

---

## User Property Shortcodes

Shortcodes are placeholder strings that Clerk replaces with actual user data during token generation. Use double curly braces: `{{shortcode}}`.

### Basic User Properties

```json
{
  "user_id": "{{user.id}}",                           // User's unique ID
  "first_name": "{{user.first_name}}",                // User's first name (or null)
  "last_name": "{{user.last_name}}",                  // User's last name (or null)
  "full_name": "{{user.full_name}}",                  // User's full name (or null)
  "email": "{{user.primary_email_address}}",          // Primary email address
  "phone": "{{user.primary_phone_address}}",          // Primary phone number (or null)
  "avatar": "{{user.image_url}}",                     // User's profile image URL
  "created_at": "{{user.created_at}}",                // Account creation timestamp
  "username": "{{user.username}}",                    // Username (if enabled)
  "email_verified": "{{user.email_verified}}",        // Boolean: email verified?
  "phone_verified": "{{user.phone_number_verified}}"  // Boolean: phone verified?
}
```

### Verification Status

```json
{
  "has_verified_email": "{{user.email_verified}}",
  "has_verified_phone": "{{user.phone_number_verified}}",
  "has_verified_contact": "{{user.email_verified || user.phone_number_verified}}"
}
```

### Complete User Shortcode Reference

| Shortcode | Type | Description | Example Value |
|-----------|------|-------------|---------------|
| `{{user.id}}` | string | User's unique identifier | `"user_2abc..."` |
| `{{user.first_name}}` | string \| null | First name | `"John"` |
| `{{user.last_name}}` | string \| null | Last name | `"Doe"` |
| `{{user.full_name}}` | string \| null | Full name (computed) | `"John Doe"` |
| `{{user.primary_email_address}}` | string | Primary email | `"john@example.com"` |
| `{{user.primary_phone_address}}` | string \| null | Primary phone | `"+1234567890"` |
| `{{user.image_url}}` | string | Profile image URL | `"https://..."` |
| `{{user.created_at}}` | number | Unix timestamp | `1639398272` |
| `{{user.username}}` | string \| null | Username (if enabled) | `"johndoe"` |
| `{{user.email_verified}}` | boolean | Email verified? | `true` |
| `{{user.phone_number_verified}}` | boolean | Phone verified? | `false` |
| `{{user.public_metadata}}` | object | All public metadata | `{...}` |
| `{{user.unsafe_metadata}}` | object | All unsafe metadata | `{...}` |

---

## Organization Claims

Clerk includes claims for the **active organization** (if user is in one and has selected it).

### Active Organization Claims

```json
{
  "org_id": "org_2abc...",      // Active organization ID
  "org_slug": "acme-corp",      // Active organization slug
  "org_role": "org:admin"       // User's role in active organization
}
```

**CRITICAL CHANGE (Core 2)**:
- ✅ **New**: `org_id`, `org_slug`, `org_role` (active org only)
- ❌ **Removed**: `orgs` claim (previously contained all user organizations)

### Accessing Organization Data in Templates

```json
{
  "organization": {
    "id": "{{user.public_metadata.org_id}}",
    "name": "{{user.public_metadata.org_name}}",
    "role": "{{user.public_metadata.org_role}}"
  }
}
```

**Note**: For all organizations (not just active), you must:
1. Store org data in `user.public_metadata` via Clerk API
2. Use custom JWT template to include it

---

## Metadata Access

Clerk provides two metadata fields for storing custom user data:

### Public Metadata
- ✅ Accessible on client side
- ✅ Included in user objects
- ✅ Can be included in JWT templates
- ❌ Should NOT contain sensitive data

### Unsafe Metadata
- ⚠️ Name is misleading - it's for "unvalidated" data
- ✅ Accessible on client side
- ✅ Can be included in JWT templates
- ❌ Should NOT contain sensitive data

### Basic Metadata Access

```json
{
  "all_public": "{{user.public_metadata}}",
  "all_unsafe": "{{user.unsafe_metadata}}"
}
```

**Result**:
```json
{
  "all_public": {
    "role": "admin",
    "department": "engineering"
  },
  "all_unsafe": {
    "onboardingComplete": true
  }
}
```

### Nested Metadata with Dot Notation

For nested objects, use dot notation to access specific fields:

**User's public_metadata**:
```json
{
  "profile": {
    "interests": ["hiking", "knitting"],
    "bio": "Software engineer passionate about..."
  },
  "addresses": {
    "Home": "2355 Pointe Lane, 56301 Minnesota",
    "Work": "3759 Newton Street, 33487 Florida"
  },
  "role": "admin",
  "department": "engineering"
}
```

**JWT Template**:
```json
{
  "role": "{{user.public_metadata.role}}",
  "department": "{{user.public_metadata.department}}",
  "interests": "{{user.public_metadata.profile.interests}}",
  "home_address": "{{user.public_metadata.addresses.Home}}"
}
```

**Generated Token**:
```json
{
  "role": "admin",
  "department": "engineering",
  "interests": ["hiking", "knitting"],
  "home_address": "2355 Pointe Lane, 56301 Minnesota"
}
```

**Why This Matters**: Dot notation prevents including the entire metadata object, reducing token size.

---

## Advanced Template Features

### String Interpolation

Combine multiple shortcodes into a single string:

```json
{
  "full_name": "{{user.last_name}} {{user.first_name}}",
  "greeting": "Hello, {{user.first_name}}!",
  "email_with_name": "{{user.full_name}} <{{user.primary_email_address}}>"
}
```

**Result**:
```json
{
  "full_name": "Doe John",
  "greeting": "Hello, John!",
  "email_with_name": "John Doe <john@example.com>"
}
```

**IMPORTANT**: Interpolated values are **always strings**, even if null values are present.

### Conditional Expressions (Fallbacks)

Use `||` operator to provide fallback values:

```json
{
  "full_name": "{{user.full_name || 'Guest User'}}",
  "age": "{{user.public_metadata.age || 18}}",
  "role": "{{user.public_metadata.role || 'user'}}",
  "verified": "{{user.email_verified || user.phone_number_verified}}"
}
```

**How It Works**:
- Returns first **non-falsy** operand
- Final operand serves as default
- String literals require **single quotes**: `'default'`
- Can chain multiple fallbacks

**Example with Multiple Fallbacks**:
```json
{
  "age": "{{user.public_metadata.age || user.unsafe_metadata.age || 18}}"
}
```

This checks:
1. `user.public_metadata.age` (if null/false, continue)
2. `user.unsafe_metadata.age` (if null/false, continue)
3. `18` (default value)

### Boolean Checks

```json
{
  "has_verified_contact": "{{user.email_verified || user.phone_number_verified}}",
  "is_complete": "{{user.public_metadata.profileComplete || false}}"
}
```

**Result**:
```json
{
  "has_verified_contact": true,  // If either email or phone is verified
  "is_complete": false           // If profileComplete is not set
}
```

---

## Creating JWT Templates

### Step 1: Navigate to Clerk Dashboard

1. Go to **Sessions** page in Clerk Dashboard
2. Click **Customize session token**
3. Choose **Create template** or use pre-built templates

### Step 2: Configure Template Properties

**Template Properties**:
```json
{
  "name": "supabase",              // Unique identifier (lowercase, no spaces)
  "lifetime": 3600,                // Token expiration in seconds (default: 60)
  "allowed_clock_skew": 5,         // Leeway for clock differences (default: 5)
  "claims": {                      // Your custom claims
    "email": "{{user.primary_email_address}}",
    "role": "{{user.public_metadata.role}}"
  }
}
```

### Step 3: Use Template in Code

**React / Next.js**:
```typescript
import { useAuth } from '@clerk/nextjs'

function MyComponent() {
  const { getToken } = useAuth()

  // Get token with custom template
  const token = await getToken({ template: 'supabase' })

  // Use token to authenticate with external service
  const response = await fetch('https://api.supabase.com/endpoint', {
    headers: {
      'Authorization': `Bearer ${token}`
    }
  })
}
```

**Cloudflare Workers**:
```typescript
import { clerkClient } from '@clerk/backend'

// Generate token for user
const token = await clerkClient.users.getUserOauthAccessToken(
  userId,
  'supabase' // Template name
)
```

---

## TypeScript Type Safety

Add type safety for custom claims with global declarations:

**Create `types/globals.d.ts`**:
```typescript
export {}

declare global {
  interface CustomJwtSessionClaims {
    metadata: {
      role?: 'admin' | 'moderator' | 'user'
      onboardingComplete?: boolean
      department?: string
      organizationId?: string
    }
  }
}
```

**Usage**:
```typescript
import { auth } from '@clerk/nextjs/server'

export default async function Page() {
  const { sessionClaims } = await auth()

  // TypeScript now knows about these properties
  const role = sessionClaims?.metadata?.role // Type: 'admin' | 'moderator' | 'user' | undefined
  const isComplete = sessionClaims?.metadata?.onboardingComplete // Type: boolean | undefined
}
```

---

## Common Use Cases

### 1. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

**JWT Template**:
```json
{
  "email": "{{user.primary_email_address}}",
  "role": "{{user.public_metadata.role || 'user'}}",
  "permissions": "{{user.public_metadata.permissions}}"
}
```

**Backend Verification**:
```typescript
app.get('/api/admin', async (c) => {
  const sessionClaims = c.get('sessionClaims')

  if (sessionClaims?.role !== 'admin') {
    return c.json({ error: 'Forbidden' }, 403)
  }

  return c.json({ message: 'Admin data' })
})
```

### 2. Multi-Tenant Applications

**JWT Template**:
```json
{
  "user_id": "{{user.id}}",
  "email": "{{user.primary_email_address}}",
  "org_id": "{{user.public_metadata.org_id}}",
  "org_slug": "{{user.public_metadata.org_slug}}",
  "org_role": "{{user.public_metadata.org_role}}"
}
```

**Usage**:
```typescript
// Filter data by organization
const data = await db.query('SELECT * FROM items WHERE org_id = ?', [
  sessionClaims.org_id
])
```

### 3. Supabase Integration

**JWT Template** (Name: `supabase`):
```json
{
  "email": "{{user.primary_email_address}}",
  "app_metadata": {
    "provider": "clerk"
  },
  "user_metadata": {
    "full_name": "{{user.full_name}}",
    "avatar_url": "{{user.image_url}}"
  }
}
```

**Usage**:
```typescript
import { createClient } from '@supabase/supabase-js'

const token = await getToken({ template: 'supabase' })

const supabase = createClient(
  process.env.SUPABASE_URL,
  process.env.SUPABASE_ANON_KEY,
  {
    global: {
      headers: {
        Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`
      }
    }
  }
)
```

### 4. Grafbase GraphQL Integration

**JWT Template** (Name: `grafbase`):
```json
{
  "sub": "{{user.id}}",
  "groups": ["org:admin", "org:member"]
}
```

**Grafbase Configuration**:
```toml
[auth.providers.clerk]
issuer = "https://your-app.clerk.accounts.dev"
jwks = "https://your-app.clerk.accounts.dev/.well-known/jwks.json"
```

---

## Limitations & Gotchas

### 1. Token Size Limit: 1.2KB for Custom Claims

**Problem**: Browsers limit cookies to 4KB. Clerk's default claims consume ~2.8KB, leaving **1.2KB for custom claims**.

**Solution**:
- ✅ Use JWT for minimal claims (user ID, role, email)
- ✅ Store large data (bio, preferences) in your database
- ✅ Fetch additional data after authentication
- ❌ Don't include large objects or arrays

**Bad Example** (Exceeds limit):
```json
{
  "email": "{{user.primary_email_address}}",
  "bio": "{{user.public_metadata.bio}}",  // 6KB bio field
  "all_metadata": "{{user.public_metadata}}"  // Entire object
}
```

**Good Example** (Under limit):
```json
{
  "user_id": "{{user.id}}",
  "email": "{{user.primary_email_address}}",
  "role": "{{user.public_metadata.role}}"
}
```

### 2. Reserved Claims

These claims are **reserved** and cannot be used in custom templates:

| Claim | Reason |
|-------|--------|
| `azp` | Auto-included default claim |
| `exp` | Auto-included default claim |
| `iat` | Auto-included default claim |
| `iss` | Auto-included default claim |
| `jti` | Auto-included default claim |
| `nbf` | Auto-included default claim |
| `sub` | Auto-included default claim |

**Error**: Attempting to override reserved claims returns HTTP 400 with error code `jwt_template_reserved_claim`.

### 3. Session-Bound Claims

These claims are **session-specific** and cannot be included in **custom JWTs** (but ARE included in default session tokens):

| Claim | Description |
|-------|-------------|
| `sid` | Session ID |
| `v` | Version |
| `pla` | Plan |
| `fea` | Features |

**Why**: Custom JWTs are generated on-demand and not tied to a specific session.

**Solution**: If you need session data, use **custom session tokens** instead of custom JWTs.

### 4. Invalid Shortcodes Resolve to `null`

```json
{
  "valid": "{{user.first_name}}",
  "invalid": "{{user.i_dont_exist}}"
}
```

**Result**:
```json
{
  "valid": "John",
  "invalid": null
}
```

**Prevention**: Always test templates with real user data before deploying.

### 5. Custom JWTs May Incur Latency

- Default session tokens are cached
- Custom JWTs require fetching user data on-demand
- This can add **50-200ms** to token generation

**When to Use Custom JWTs**:
- ✅ Integrating with third-party services (Supabase, Hasura, Grafbase)
- ✅ API-to-API authentication
- ❌ Not recommended for every frontend request (use default session tokens)

### 6. Organization Data Limitations

- Only **active organization** data is included by default
- For all organizations, store in `user.public_metadata` and use custom template
- `orgs` claim was removed in Core 2 (breaking change)

### 7. Metadata Sync Timing

- Metadata changes may take a few seconds to propagate to tokens
- Use `user.reload()` in frontend to refresh user object
- Backend should always fetch fresh data for critical operations

---

## Official Documentation

- **JWT Templates Guide**: https://clerk.com/docs/guides/sessions/jwt-templates
- **Custom Session Tokens**: https://clerk.com/docs/backend-requests/making/custom-session-token
- **Session Claims Access**: https://clerk.com/docs/upgrade-guides/core-2/node
- **Backend SDK**: https://clerk.com/docs/reference/backend/overview
- **Supabase Integration**: https://clerk.com/docs/guides/development/integrations/databases/supabase
- **Grafbase Integration**: https://clerk.com/docs/guides/development/integrations/databases/grafbase

---

## Quick Reference: All Available Shortcodes

### User Properties
```
{{user.id}}
{{user.first_name}}
{{user.last_name}}
{{user.full_name}}
{{user.primary_email_address}}
{{user.primary_phone_address}}
{{user.image_url}}
{{user.created_at}}
{{user.username}}
{{user.email_verified}}
{{user.phone_number_verified}}
```

### Metadata
```
{{user.public_metadata}}
{{user.public_metadata.FIELD_NAME}}
{{user.public_metadata.nested.field}}
{{user.unsafe_metadata}}
{{user.unsafe_metadata.FIELD_NAME}}
```

### Operators
```
{{shortcode1 || shortcode2}}          // Fallback
{{shortcode || 'default'}}            // Default value
"{{shortcode1}} {{shortcode2}}"       // String interpolation
```

---

**Last Updated**: 2025-10-22
**Verified Against**: Clerk API v2025-04-10
**Production Tested**: ✅ Multiple frameworks