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AI SDK Core - Top 12 Errors & Solutions

Comprehensive guide to the most common AI SDK Core errors with actionable solutions.

1. AI_APICallError

Type: Network/API Error Frequency: Very Common Severity: High

Cause

API request to provider failed due to:

Invalid API key
Network connectivity issues
Rate limit exceeded
Provider service outage

Solution

import { AI_APICallError } from 'ai';

try {
  const result = await generateText({
    model: openai('gpt-4'),
    prompt: 'Hello',
  });
} catch (error) {
  if (error instanceof AI_APICallError) {
    console.error('API call failed:', error.message);
    console.error('Status code:', error.statusCode);
    console.error('Response:', error.responseBody);

    // Handle specific status codes
    if (error.statusCode === 401) {
      // Invalid API key
      console.error('Check OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable');
    } else if (error.statusCode === 429) {
      // Rate limit - implement exponential backoff
      await wait(Math.pow(2, retryCount) * 1000);
      // retry...
    } else if (error.statusCode >= 500) {
      // Provider issue - retry later
      console.error('Provider service issue, retry in 1 minute');
    }
  }
}

Prevention

Validate API keys at application startup
Implement retry logic with exponential backoff
Monitor rate limits via response headers
Handle network errors gracefully
Set reasonable timeouts

Resources

Docs: https://ai-sdk.dev/docs/reference/ai-sdk-errors/ai-api-call-error

2. AI_NoObjectGeneratedError

Type: Generation Error Frequency: Common Severity: Medium

Cause

Model didn't generate a valid object matching the Zod schema:

Schema too complex for model
Prompt doesn't provide enough context
Model capabilities exceeded
Safety filters triggered

Solution

import { AI_NoObjectGeneratedError } from 'ai';

try {
  const result = await generateObject({
    model: openai('gpt-4'),
    schema: z.object({
      // Complex schema
      name: z.string(),
      age: z.number(),
      nested: z.object({ /* ... */ }),
    }),
    prompt: 'Generate a person',
  });
} catch (error) {
  if (error instanceof AI_NoObjectGeneratedError) {
    console.error('No valid object generated');

    // Solutions:
    // 1. Simplify schema
    const simpler = z.object({
      name: z.string(),
      age: z.number(),
    });

    // 2. Add more context
    const betterPrompt = 'Generate a person profile with name (string) and age (number, 18-80)';

    // 3. Try different model
    const result2 = await generateObject({
      model: openai('gpt-4'), // GPT-4 better than 3.5 for complex objects
      schema: simpler,
      prompt: betterPrompt,
    });
  }
}

Prevention

Start with simple schemas, add complexity gradually
Include examples in prompt: "Generate like: { name: 'Alice', age: 30 }"
Use GPT-4 or Claude for complex structured output
Test schemas with sample data first
Add descriptions to schema fields using .describe()

Resources

Docs: https://ai-sdk.dev/docs/reference/ai-sdk-errors/ai-no-object-generated-error

3. Worker Startup Limit (270ms+)

Type: Cloudflare Workers Issue Frequency: Common (Workers only) Severity: High (blocks deployment)

Cause

AI SDK v5 + Zod initialization overhead exceeds Cloudflare Workers startup limit (must be <400ms):

Top-level imports of AI SDK packages
Complex Zod schemas at module level
Provider initialization at startup

Solution

// ❌ BAD: Top-level imports cause startup overhead
import { createWorkersAI } from 'workers-ai-provider';
import { generateText } from 'ai';
import { complexSchema } from './schemas'; // Heavy Zod schemas

const workersai = createWorkersAI({ binding: env.AI }); // Runs at startup!

// ✅ GOOD: Lazy initialization inside handler
export default {
  async fetch(request, env) {
    // Import inside handler
    const { createWorkersAI } = await import('workers-ai-provider');
    const { generateText } = await import('ai');

    const workersai = createWorkersAI({ binding: env.AI });

    const result = await generateText({
      model: workersai('@cf/meta/llama-3.1-8b-instruct'),
      prompt: 'Hello',
    });

    return new Response(result.text);
  }
};

Alternative Solution (Move Schemas Inside Routes)

// ❌ BAD: Top-level schema
import { z } from 'zod';
const PersonSchema = z.object({ /* complex schema */ });

// ✅ GOOD: Schema inside handler
export default {
  async fetch(request, env) {
    const { z } = await import('zod');
    const PersonSchema = z.object({ /* complex schema */ });

    // Use schema here
  }
};

Prevention

Never initialize AI SDK at module top-level in Workers
Move all imports inside route handlers
Minimize top-level Zod schemas
Monitor Worker startup time: wrangler deploy shows startup duration
Target < 270ms startup time to be safe (limit is 400ms)

Resources

Cloudflare Workers AI Docs: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers-ai/configuration/ai-sdk/
GitHub: Search "Workers startup limit" in Vercel AI SDK issues

4. streamText Fails Silently

Type: Streaming Error Frequency: Occasional Severity: Medium (hard to debug)

Cause

Stream errors are swallowed by createDataStreamResponse() or framework response handling:

Error occurs during streaming
Error handler not set up
Response already committed
Client disconnects

Solution

// ✅ GOOD: Add explicit error handling
const stream = streamText({
  model: openai('gpt-4'),
  prompt: 'Hello',
});

try {
  for await (const chunk of stream.textStream) {
    process.stdout.write(chunk);
  }
} catch (error) {
  // Error may not reach here if stream swallows it
  console.error('Stream error:', error);
}

// ✅ BETTER: Always log on server side
console.log('Starting stream...');
const stream = streamText({
  model: openai('gpt-4'),
  prompt: 'Hello',
});

stream.result.then(
  (result) => console.log('Stream success:', result.usage),
  (error) => console.error('Stream failed:', error) // This will catch errors!
);

return stream.toDataStreamResponse();

Prevention

Always check server logs for stream errors
Implement server-side error monitoring (e.g., Sentry)
Test stream error handling explicitly
Use try-catch around stream consumption
Monitor for unexpected stream terminations

Resources

GitHub Issue: #4726

5. AI_LoadAPIKeyError

Type: Configuration Error Frequency: Very Common (setup) Severity: High (blocks usage)

Cause

API key missing or invalid:

.env file not loaded
Wrong environment variable name
API key format invalid
Environment variable not set in deployment

Solution

import { AI_LoadAPIKeyError } from 'ai';

try {
  const result = await generateText({
    model: openai('gpt-4'),
    prompt: 'Hello',
  });
} catch (error) {
  if (error instanceof AI_LoadAPIKeyError) {
    console.error('API key error:', error.message);

    // Debugging steps:
    console.log('OPENAI_API_KEY exists:', !!process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY);
    console.log('Key starts with sk-:', process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY?.startsWith('sk-'));

    // Common issues:
    // 1. .env not loaded → use dotenv or similar
    // 2. Wrong variable name → check provider docs
    // 3. Key format wrong → verify in provider dashboard
  }
}

Prevention

// Validate at startup
function validateEnv() {
  const required = ['OPENAI_API_KEY', 'ANTHROPIC_API_KEY'];

  for (const key of required) {
    if (!process.env[key]) {
      throw new Error(`Missing required environment variable: ${key}`);
    }
  }
}

validateEnv();

Environment Variable Names

Provider	Variable Name
OpenAI	`OPENAI_API_KEY`
Anthropic	`ANTHROPIC_API_KEY`
Google	`GOOGLE_GENERATIVE_AI_API_KEY`

Resources

Docs: https://ai-sdk.dev/docs/reference/ai-sdk-errors/ai-load-api-key-error

6. AI_InvalidArgumentError

Type: Validation Error Frequency: Common (development) Severity: Low (easy to fix)

Cause

Invalid parameters passed to AI SDK function:

Negative maxOutputTokens
Invalid temperature (must be 0-2)
Wrong parameter types
Missing required parameters

Solution

import { AI_InvalidArgumentError } from 'ai';

try {
  const result = await generateText({
    model: openai('gpt-4'),
    maxOutputTokens: -1,  // ❌ Invalid!
    temperature: 3.0,      // ❌ Must be 0-2
    prompt: 'Hello',
  });
} catch (error) {
  if (error instanceof AI_InvalidArgumentError) {
    console.error('Invalid argument:', error.message);
    // Fix: Check parameter types and values
  }
}

Prevention

Use TypeScript for compile-time type checking
Validate inputs before calling AI SDK functions
Read function signatures carefully
Check official docs for parameter constraints
Use IDE autocomplete

Resources

Docs: https://ai-sdk.dev/docs/reference/ai-sdk-errors/ai-invalid-argument-error

7. AI_NoContentGeneratedError

Type: Generation Error Frequency: Occasional Severity: Medium

Cause

Model generated no content:

Safety filters blocked output
Prompt triggered content policy
Model configuration issue
Empty prompt

Solution

import { AI_NoContentGeneratedError } from 'ai';

try {
  const result = await generateText({
    model: openai('gpt-4'),
    prompt: 'Some potentially problematic prompt',
  });
} catch (error) {
  if (error instanceof AI_NoContentGeneratedError) {
    console.error('No content generated');

    // Return user-friendly message
    return {
      text: 'Unable to generate response. Please try different input.',
      error: true,
    };
  }
}

Prevention

Sanitize user inputs
Avoid prompts that may trigger safety filters
Have fallback messaging
Log occurrences for analysis
Test with edge cases

Resources

Docs: https://ai-sdk.dev/docs/reference/ai-sdk-errors/ai-no-content-generated-error

8. AI_TypeValidationError

Type: Validation Error Frequency: Common (with generateObject) Severity: Medium

Cause

Zod schema validation failed on generated output:

Model output doesn't match schema
Schema too strict
Model misunderstood schema
Invalid JSON generated

Solution

import { AI_TypeValidationError } from 'ai';

try {
  const result = await generateObject({
    model: openai('gpt-4'),
    schema: z.object({
      age: z.number().min(0).max(120),  // Strict validation
      email: z.string().email(),         // Strict format
    }),
    prompt: 'Generate person',
  });
} catch (error) {
  if (error instanceof AI_TypeValidationError) {
    console.error('Validation failed:', error.message);

    // Solutions:
    // 1. Relax schema
    const relaxed = z.object({
      age: z.number(),  // Remove min/max
      email: z.string().optional(),  // Make optional
    });

    // 2. Add guidance in prompt
    const better = await generateObject({
      model: openai('gpt-4'),
      schema: relaxed,
      prompt: 'Generate person with age 18-80 and valid email',
    });
  }
}

Prevention

Start with lenient schemas, tighten gradually
Use .optional() for unreliable fields
Add validation hints in field descriptions
Test with various prompts
Use mode: 'json' when available

Resources

Docs: https://ai-sdk.dev/docs/reference/ai-sdk-errors/ai-type-validation-error

9. AI_RetryError

Type: Network Error Frequency: Occasional Severity: High

Cause

All retry attempts failed:

Persistent network issue
Provider outage
Invalid configuration
Unreachable API endpoint

Solution

import { AI_RetryError } from 'ai';

try {
  const result = await generateText({
    model: openai('gpt-4'),
    prompt: 'Hello',
    maxRetries: 3,  // Default is 2
  });
} catch (error) {
  if (error instanceof AI_RetryError) {
    console.error('All retries failed');
    console.error('Last error:', error.lastError);
    console.error('Retry count:', error.retryCount);

    // Implement circuit breaker
    if (isProviderDown()) {
      switchToFallbackProvider();
    }
  }
}

Prevention

Investigate root cause of failures
Adjust retry configuration if needed
Implement circuit breaker pattern
Have fallback providers
Monitor provider status pages

Resources

Docs: https://ai-sdk.dev/docs/reference/ai-sdk-errors/ai-retry-error

10. Rate Limiting Errors

Type: API Limit Error Frequency: Common (production) Severity: High

Cause

Exceeded provider rate limits:

RPM (Requests Per Minute) exceeded
TPM (Tokens Per Minute) exceeded
Concurrent request limit hit
Free tier limits reached

Solution

// Implement exponential backoff
async function generateWithBackoff(prompt: string, retries = 3) {
  for (let i = 0; i < retries; i++) {
    try {
      return await generateText({
        model: openai('gpt-4'),
        prompt,
      });
    } catch (error: any) {
      if (error.statusCode === 429) {
        const delay = Math.pow(2, i) * 1000;  // 1s, 2s, 4s, 8s...
        console.log(`Rate limited, waiting ${delay}ms`);
        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay));
      } else {
        throw error;
      }
    }
  }
  throw new Error('Rate limit retries exhausted');
}

// Or use queue
import PQueue from 'p-queue';

const queue = new PQueue({ concurrency: 5, interval: 60000, intervalCap: 50 });

async function generateQueued(prompt: string) {
  return queue.add(() => generateText({ model: openai('gpt-4'), prompt }));
}

Prevention

Monitor rate limit headers in responses
Queue requests to stay under limits
Upgrade provider tier if needed
Implement request throttling
Cache results when possible

Resources

OpenAI Rate Limits: https://platform.openai.com/account/rate-limits
Anthropic Rate Limits: https://docs.anthropic.com/en/api/rate-limits

11. TypeScript Performance with Zod

Type: Development Issue Frequency: Occasional Severity: Low (annoying)

Cause

Complex Zod schemas slow down TypeScript type checking:

Deeply nested schemas
Many union types
Recursive types
Top-level complex schemas

Solution

// ❌ BAD: Complex schema at top level
const ComplexSchema = z.object({
  // 100+ fields with nested objects...
});

// ✅ GOOD: Define inside function
function generateData() {
  const schema = z.object({
    // Complex schema here
  });

  return generateObject({ model: openai('gpt-4'), schema, prompt: '...' });
}

// ✅ GOOD: Use z.lazy() for recursive
type Category = { name: string; subcategories?: Category[] };

const CategorySchema: z.ZodType<Category> = z.lazy(() =>
  z.object({
    name: z.string(),
    subcategories: z.array(CategorySchema).optional(),
  })
);

// ✅ GOOD: Split large schemas
const AddressSchema = z.object({ /* ... */ });
const PersonSchema = z.object({
  address: AddressSchema, // Reuse smaller schema
});

Prevention

Avoid top-level complex schemas
Use z.lazy() for recursive types
Split large schemas into smaller ones
Use type assertions where appropriate
Enable skipLibCheck in tsconfig.json if desperate

Resources

Troubleshooting: https://ai-sdk.dev/docs/troubleshooting/common-issues/slow-type-checking

12. Invalid JSON Response (Provider-Specific)

Type: Provider Issue Frequency: Rare Severity: Medium

Cause

Some models occasionally return invalid JSON:

Model error
Provider API issue
Specific model version bug (e.g., Imagen 3.0)

Solution

// Use built-in retry and mode selection
try {
  const result = await generateObject({
    model: openai('gpt-4'),
    schema: mySchema,
    prompt: 'Generate data',
    mode: 'json',  // Force JSON mode (GPT-4 supports this)
    maxRetries: 3,  // Retry on invalid JSON
  });
} catch (error) {
  // Fallback to different model
  console.error('GPT-4 failed, trying Claude...');
  const result2 = await generateObject({
    model: anthropic('claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022'),
    schema: mySchema,
    prompt: 'Generate data',
  });
}

Prevention

Use mode: 'json' when available
Prefer GPT-4/Claude for structured output
Implement retry logic
Validate responses
Have fallback models

Resources

GitHub Issue: #4302 (Imagen 3.0 Invalid JSON)

For More Errors

See complete error reference (28 total error types): https://ai-sdk.dev/docs/reference/ai-sdk-errors

Last Updated: 2025-10-21

16 KiB Raw Permalink Blame History

AI SDK Core - Top 12 Errors & Solutions

1. AI_APICallError

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Resources

2. AI_NoObjectGeneratedError

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Resources

3. Worker Startup Limit (270ms+)

Cause

Solution

Alternative Solution (Move Schemas Inside Routes)

Prevention

Resources

4. streamText Fails Silently

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Resources

5. AI_LoadAPIKeyError

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Environment Variable Names

Resources

6. AI_InvalidArgumentError

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Resources

7. AI_NoContentGeneratedError

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Resources

8. AI_TypeValidationError

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Resources

9. AI_RetryError

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Resources

10. Rate Limiting Errors

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Resources

11. TypeScript Performance with Zod

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Resources

12. Invalid JSON Response (Provider-Specific)

Cause

Solution

Prevention

Resources

For More Errors

16 KiB

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