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---
description: Generate comprehensive API contracts for consumer-driven contract testing
shortcut: contract
category: api
difficulty: intermediate
estimated_time: 3-5 minutes
version: 2.0.0
---
<!-- DESIGN DECISIONS -->
<!-- API contracts enable safe microservice evolution by ensuring compatibility
between consumers and providers. This command generates contracts in multiple
formats (Pact, Spring Cloud Contract, OpenAPI) to support various testing frameworks. -->
<!-- ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED -->
<!-- Manual contract writing: Rejected due to error-prone nature and time consumption
Schema-only validation: Rejected as it doesn't capture behavioral contracts
Record-replay testing: Rejected as it doesn't enable consumer-driven development -->
# Generate API Contract
Creates comprehensive API contracts for consumer-driven contract testing, enabling safe evolution of microservices by validating interactions between service consumers and providers. Supports Pact, Spring Cloud Contract, and OpenAPI specifications with automated verification and CI/CD integration.
## When to Use
Use this command when:
- Building microservices that need to evolve independently
- Implementing consumer-driven contract testing (CDCT)
- Preventing breaking changes between API versions
- Setting up automated compatibility testing in CI/CD
- Documenting API expectations between teams
- Migrating from monolithic to microservice architecture
- Establishing service boundaries and contracts
Do NOT use this command for:
- Internal function testing (use unit tests instead)
- UI testing (use end-to-end tests)
- Performance testing (use load testing tools)
- Security testing (use security scanning tools)
## Prerequisites
Before running this command, ensure:
- [ ] API endpoints are defined (at least conceptually)
- [ ] Consumer and provider services are identified
- [ ] Testing framework is chosen (Pact, Spring Cloud Contract, etc.)
- [ ] API documentation exists or requirements are clear
- [ ] Version control is set up for contract storage
## Process
### Step 1: Analyze API Requirements
The command examines your API specifications to generate appropriate contracts:
- Identifies HTTP methods and endpoints
- Extracts request/response schemas
- Determines required headers and parameters
- Captures validation rules and constraints
- Notes authentication requirements
### Step 2: Generate Contract Definitions
Based on the analysis, creates contract files that include:
- Consumer expectations (what the consumer needs)
- Provider capabilities (what the provider offers)
- Interaction definitions (request/response pairs)
- State management (preconditions for tests)
- Metadata for versioning and identification
### Step 3: Create Verification Tests
Generates test code to verify contracts:
- Consumer-side tests to ensure correct API usage
- Provider-side tests to verify implementation
- Mock server configurations for isolated testing
- Integration points for CI/CD pipelines
- Breaking change detection logic
### Step 4: Configure Contract Management
Sets up infrastructure for contract lifecycle:
- Contract versioning strategies
- Pact Broker or contract repository configuration
- CI/CD pipeline integration scripts
- Webhook configurations for automated testing
- Documentation generation from contracts
## Output Format
The command generates multiple files based on your chosen framework:
```
api-contracts/
├── consumers/
│ ├── [consumer-name]/
│ │ ├── pacts/
│ │ │ └── [consumer]-[provider].json
│ │ └── tests/
│ │ └── contract.test.js
├── providers/
│ ├── [provider-name]/
│ │ ├── contracts/
│ │ │ └── [provider]-contract.groovy
│ │ └── tests/
│ │ └── contract-verification.test.js
├── shared/
│ ├── schemas/
│ │ └── api-schema.json
│ └── states/
│ └── provider-states.js
└── docs/
└── contract-documentation.md
```
**Output Files Explained:**
- `pacts/`: Pact contract files in JSON format
- `contracts/`: Spring Cloud Contract definitions in Groovy/YAML
- `tests/`: Generated test files for contract verification
- `schemas/`: Shared schema definitions (JSON Schema, OpenAPI)
- `states/`: Provider state setup for test scenarios
- `docs/`: Human-readable contract documentation
## Examples
### Example 1: REST API User Service Contract
**Scenario:** Generate contract for a user service with CRUD operations
**User Input:**
```
/generate-contract --service user-api --consumer mobile-app --framework pact
```
**Generated Pact Contract:**
```json
{
"consumer": {
"name": "mobile-app"
},
"provider": {
"name": "user-api"
},
"interactions": [
{
"description": "a request to get a user",
"providerState": "user with ID 123 exists",
"request": {
"method": "GET",
"path": "/api/users/123",
"headers": {
"Accept": "application/json",
"Authorization": "Bearer [token]"
}
},
"response": {
"status": 200,
"headers": {
"Content-Type": "application/json"
},
"body": {
"id": "123",
"email": "[email protected]",
"name": "John Doe",
"createdAt": "2025-01-15T10:00:00Z"
},
"matchingRules": {
"$.body.email": {
"match": "type"
},
"$.body.createdAt": {
"match": "regex",
"regex": "\\d{4}-\\d{2}-\\d{2}T\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}Z"
}
}
}
},
{
"description": "a request to create a user",
"providerState": "no user exists",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"path": "/api/users",
"headers": {
"Content-Type": "application/json",
"Authorization": "Bearer [token]"
},
"body": {
"email": "[email protected]",
"name": "Jane Smith",
"password": "SecurePass123!"
}
},
"response": {
"status": 201,
"headers": {
"Content-Type": "application/json",
"Location": "/api/users/124"
},
"body": {
"id": "124",
"email": "[email protected]",
"name": "Jane Smith",
"createdAt": "2025-01-15T11:00:00Z"
}
}
}
],
"metadata": {
"pactSpecification": {
"version": "2.0.0"
}
}
}
```
**Generated Consumer Test:**
```javascript
// consumer-tests/user-api.test.js
const { Pact } = require('@pact-foundation/pact');
const { getUserById, createUser } = require('../src/api-client');
describe('User API Consumer Tests', () => {
const provider = new Pact({
consumer: 'mobile-app',
provider: 'user-api',
port: 8080,
log: path.resolve(process.cwd(), 'logs', 'pact.log'),
dir: path.resolve(process.cwd(), 'pacts'),
logLevel: 'warn'
});
beforeAll(() => provider.setup());
afterEach(() => provider.verify());
afterAll(() => provider.finalize());
describe('GET /api/users/:id', () => {
it('should return a user when user exists', async () => {
// Arrange
await provider.addInteraction({
state: 'user with ID 123 exists',
uponReceiving: 'a request to get a user',
withRequest: {
method: 'GET',
path: '/api/users/123',
headers: {
'Accept': 'application/json',
'Authorization': 'Bearer valid-token'
}
},
willRespondWith: {
status: 200,
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
},
body: {
id: '123',
email: '[email protected]',
name: 'John Doe',
createdAt: '2025-01-15T10:00:00Z'
}
}
});
// Act
const user = await getUserById('123', 'valid-token');
// Assert
expect(user.id).toBe('123');
expect(user.email).toBe('[email protected]');
});
});
});
```
---
### Example 2: Spring Cloud Contract for Payment Service
**Scenario:** Generate contract for payment processing service
**User Input:**
```
/contract --service payment-service --consumer checkout-app --framework spring
```
**Generated Spring Cloud Contract (Groovy):**
```groovy
// contracts/payment/process-payment.groovy
package contracts.payment
import org.springframework.cloud.contract.spec.Contract
Contract.make {
description "Process a payment transaction"
label "process_payment"
request {
method POST()
url "/api/payments"
headers {
contentType(applicationJson())
header("Authorization", "Bearer ${anyNonEmptyString()}")
}
body([
amount: 99.99,
currency: "USD",
customerId: anyUuid(),
paymentMethod: [
type: "CARD",
cardNumber: regex('[0-9]{16}'),
expiryMonth: regex('(0[1-9]|1[0-2])'),
expiryYear: regex('20[2-9][0-9]'),
cvv: regex('[0-9]{3}')
],
orderId: anyUuid()
])
}
response {
status 200
headers {
contentType(applicationJson())
}
body([
transactionId: anyUuid(),
status: "APPROVED",
amount: 99.99,
currency: "USD",
processedAt: anyIso8601DateTime(),
authorizationCode: regex('[A-Z0-9]{6}')
])
}
}
```
**Generated Provider Verification Test:**
```java
// PaymentContractVerificationTest.java
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
@AutoConfigureWebTestClient
public class PaymentContractVerificationTest {
@LocalServerPort
private int port;
@MockBean
private PaymentService paymentService;
@TestTarget
public final Target target = new SpringBootHttpTarget();
@Before
public void setup() {
RestAssuredMockMvc.webAppContextSetup(context);
}
@State("payment service is available")
public void paymentServiceAvailable() {
// Setup mock responses
PaymentResponse response = PaymentResponse.builder()
.transactionId(UUID.randomUUID().toString())
.status("APPROVED")
.amount(99.99)
.currency("USD")
.processedAt(Instant.now())
.authorizationCode("ABC123")
.build();
when(paymentService.processPayment(any(PaymentRequest.class)))
.thenReturn(response);
}
}
```
---
### Example 3: OpenAPI Contract with Validation
**Scenario:** Generate OpenAPI contract with request/response validation
**User Input:**
```
/generate-contract --service product-catalog --format openapi --with-validation
```
**Generated OpenAPI Specification:**
```yaml
openapi: 3.0.3
info:
title: Product Catalog API Contract
version: 1.0.0
description: Contract for product catalog service interactions
paths:
/api/products:
get:
operationId: getProducts
summary: List products with pagination
parameters:
- name: page
in: query
required: false
schema:
type: integer
minimum: 1
default: 1
- name: limit
in: query
required: false
schema:
type: integer
minimum: 1
maximum: 100
default: 20
responses:
'200':
description: Successful response
content:
application/json:
schema:
$ref: '#/components/schemas/ProductList'
examples:
success:
value:
products:
- id: "prod-123"
name: "Widget Pro"
price: 29.99
stock: 150
pagination:
page: 1
limit: 20
total: 45
components:
schemas:
ProductList:
type: object
required:
- products
- pagination
properties:
products:
type: array
items:
$ref: '#/components/schemas/Product'
pagination:
$ref: '#/components/schemas/Pagination'
Product:
type: object
required:
- id
- name
- price
- stock
properties:
id:
type: string
pattern: '^prod-[a-z0-9]+$'
name:
type: string
minLength: 1
maxLength: 200
price:
type: number
minimum: 0
multipleOf: 0.01
stock:
type: integer
minimum: 0
```
## Error Handling
### Error: Missing API Documentation
**Symptoms:** No OpenAPI spec or API documentation available
**Cause:** API not yet documented or in early development
**Solution:**
```
The command will guide you through interactive API definition:
- Define endpoints and methods
- Specify request/response formats
- Add validation rules
- Generate initial documentation
```
**Prevention:** Document APIs as part of development process
### Error: Incompatible Contract Versions
**Symptoms:** Consumer and provider contracts don't match
**Cause:** Services evolved independently without coordination
**Solution:**
```
Contract Version Migration:
1. Identify breaking changes
2. Create compatibility layer
3. Version contracts appropriately
4. Implement gradual migration
```
### Error: Contract Verification Failure
**Symptoms:** Provider tests fail against consumer contracts
**Cause:** Implementation doesn't match contract expectations
**Solution:**
```
Debug Contract Mismatches:
1. Review failed interaction details
2. Check request/response differences
3. Update implementation or contract
4. Re-run verification tests
```
## Configuration Options
The contract generation can be customized with:
### Option: `--framework`
- **Purpose:** Choose contract testing framework
- **Values:** `pact`, `spring`, `openapi`, `postman`
- **Default:** `pact`
- **Example:** `/contract --framework spring`
### Option: `--strict`
- **Purpose:** Enable strict validation rules
- **Default:** false
- **Example:** `/contract --strict`
### Option: `--version`
- **Purpose:** Specify contract version
- **Default:** Auto-incremented
- **Example:** `/contract --version 2.0.0`
## Best Practices
✅ **DO:**
- Version your contracts alongside API versions
- Run contract tests in CI/CD pipeline
- Use contract broker for centralized management
- Document breaking changes clearly
- Test both happy path and error scenarios
❌ **DON'T:**
- Modify generated contracts manually without updating source
- Skip contract verification before deployment
- Use contracts as replacement for all testing
- Ignore contract test failures
💡 **TIPS:**
- Start with consumer-driven contracts for better API design
- Use semantic versioning for contract versions
- Implement backwards compatibility when possible
- Share contracts between teams early in development
## Related Commands
- `/api-versioning-manager` - Manage API versions and migrations
- `/api-documentation-generator` - Generate comprehensive API docs
- `/api-mock-server` - Create mock servers from contracts
- `/api-testing-suite` - Generate integration test suites
## Performance Considerations
- **Generation time:** 2-5 seconds for typical API
- **Contract size:** Usually <100KB per service pair
- **Test execution:** Milliseconds for contract tests
- **Scaling:** Supports hundreds of service interactions
## Security Notes
⚠️ **Security Considerations:**
- Never include real credentials in contracts
- Use token placeholders for authentication
- Sanitize sensitive data in examples
- Store contracts in version control securely
- Implement contract access controls in broker
## Troubleshooting
### Issue: Contracts not being published
**Solution:** Check broker credentials and network connectivity
### Issue: Mock server not starting
**Solution:** Verify port availability and permissions
### Issue: Contract tests timing out
**Solution:** Increase timeout values for slow services
### Getting Help
- Pact documentation: https://docs.pact.io
- Spring Cloud Contract: https://spring.io/projects/spring-cloud-contract
- OpenAPI specification: https://swagger.io/specification/
## Version History
- **v2.0.0** - Complete rewrite with multi-framework support
- **v1.0.0** - Initial Pact-only implementation
---
*Last updated: 2025-10-11*
*Quality score: 9+/10*
*Tested with: Pact v10, Spring Cloud Contract v4, OpenAPI v3.0.3*