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skills/ga4-events-fundamentals/references/parameter-scopes.md
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skills/ga4-events-fundamentals/references/parameter-scopes.md
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# Parameter Scopes Complete Guide
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## Overview
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GA4 uses three distinct scopes that determine how parameters are applied and analyzed: Event scope, User scope, and Item scope. Understanding scopes is critical for proper data collection and reporting.
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## What is Scope?
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**Definition:** Scope determines what data the parameter applies to and how long it persists.
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**Three Scopes:**
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1. **Event Scope** - Applies to single event occurrence
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2. **User Scope** - Applies to all events from that user
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3. **Item Scope** - Applies to products in ecommerce events
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## Event Scope (Event-Scoped Parameters)
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### Definition
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Event-scoped parameters apply only to the specific event they're sent with. They describe what happened in that particular interaction.
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### Characteristics
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**Lifespan:** Single event only
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**Persistence:** Does not carry over to other events
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**Use For:** Event-specific details and context
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### Common Use Cases
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**User Actions:**
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- Button clicks (which button, where)
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- Form submissions (which form, form type)
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- Video interactions (video title, duration, quality)
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- Link clicks (link URL, link text, destination)
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**Content:**
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- Page information (current page, previous page)
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- Search queries (search term)
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- Filter selections (category, price range)
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**Engagement:**
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- Scroll depth (percentage)
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- Time spent (duration)
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- Completion status (percent complete)
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### Event-Scoped Examples
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#### Example 1: Button Click
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```javascript
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gtag('event', 'button_click', {
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'button_name': 'Subscribe Now', // Event-scoped
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'button_location': 'header', // Event-scoped
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'button_id': 'btn_subscribe_01', // Event-scoped
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'target_page': '/pricing' // Event-scoped
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});
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```
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**Why Event-Scoped:**
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- Only applies to this specific button click
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- Different button clicks will have different values
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- Describes this particular interaction
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#### Example 2: Form Submission
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```javascript
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gtag('event', 'form_submit', {
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'form_id': 'contact-form-v2', // Event-scoped
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'form_name': 'Contact Us', // Event-scoped
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'form_type': 'lead_generation', // Event-scoped
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'form_destination': '/thank-you', // Event-scoped
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'fields_completed': 5 // Event-scoped
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});
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```
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**Why Event-Scoped:**
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- Specific to this form submission
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- Next form submission may have different form_id, form_name
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- Describes details of this event only
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#### Example 3: Video Engagement
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```javascript
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gtag('event', 'video_complete', {
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'video_id': 'VID_123', // Event-scoped
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'video_title': 'GA4 Tutorial', // Event-scoped
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'video_duration': 1200, // Event-scoped (seconds)
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'video_quality': 'hd', // Event-scoped
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'completion_percent': 100, // Event-scoped
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'watch_time_seconds': 1150 // Event-scoped
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});
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```
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**Why Event-Scoped:**
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- Describes this specific video watch event
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- Each video_complete event has different video details
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- Time-specific data for this viewing
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### Registering Event-Scoped Custom Dimensions
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**Process:**
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1. **Send Parameter in Event:**
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```javascript
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gtag('event', 'custom_event', {
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'custom_parameter': 'value' // Event-scoped
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});
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```
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2. **Navigate to GA4 Admin:**
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Admin → Data Display → Custom Definitions
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3. **Create Custom Dimension:**
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- **Dimension Name:** "Custom Parameter Name"
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- **Scope:** **Event** ← Select Event
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- **Event Parameter:** "custom_parameter"
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- Description: What this parameter tracks
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- Click Save
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4. **Wait 24-48 hours for data population**
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### Event Scope Limits
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**Standard GA4:**
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- 50 event-scoped custom dimensions per property
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**GA4 360:**
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- 125 event-scoped custom dimensions per property
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---
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## User Scope (User-Scoped Parameters / User Properties)
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### Definition
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User-scoped parameters (user properties) apply to all events from a specific user. They describe attributes of the user that persist across sessions.
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### Characteristics
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**Lifespan:** All user events until changed or cleared
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**Persistence:** Carries over to all subsequent events from that user
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**Use For:** User attributes, demographics, membership status, preferences
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### Common Use Cases
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**User Attributes:**
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- Subscription tier (free, pro, enterprise)
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- Customer segment (new, returning, vip)
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- Account type (individual, business, enterprise)
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- Membership status (trial, active, expired)
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**User Behavior:**
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- Customer lifetime value
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- Years as customer
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- Purchase frequency
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- Engagement level
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**User Preferences:**
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- Preferred language
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- Communication preferences
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- Theme preference (light/dark)
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- Notification settings
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### User-Scoped Examples
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#### Example 1: User Subscription Tier
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```javascript
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// Set once after login or tier change
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gtag('set', {
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'subscription_tier': 'premium', // User-scoped
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'account_type': 'business', // User-scoped
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'years_customer': 3 // User-scoped
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});
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// Now ALL subsequent events include these properties
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gtag('event', 'page_view'); // Includes subscription_tier
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gtag('event', 'button_click'); // Includes subscription_tier
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gtag('event', 'purchase'); // Includes subscription_tier
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```
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**Why User-Scoped:**
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- Applies to this user across all interactions
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- Persists across multiple events and sessions
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- Describes who the user is, not what they did
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#### Example 2: Customer Segmentation
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```javascript
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gtag('set', {
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'customer_segment': 'high_value', // User-scoped
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'customer_lifetime_value': 5000, // User-scoped
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'first_purchase_date': '2023-01-15', // User-scoped
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'preferred_category': 'electronics' // User-scoped
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});
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```
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**Why User-Scoped:**
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- Attributes of the user that don't change per event
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- Used for segmentation across all user actions
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- Describes user characteristics
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#### Example 3: User Preferences
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```javascript
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gtag('set', {
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'preferred_language': 'en', // User-scoped
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'theme_preference': 'dark', // User-scoped
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'email_opt_in': true, // User-scoped
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'notification_enabled': true // User-scoped
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});
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```
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**Why User-Scoped:**
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- Settings that apply to all user interactions
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- Persist across sessions
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- Help understand user behavior patterns
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### User ID (Special User Property)
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**Implementation:**
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```javascript
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// After user login
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gtag('set', {
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'user_id': 'user_12345' // Special user-scoped identifier
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});
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// On logout - MUST set to null
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gtag('set', {
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'user_id': null // NOT empty string ""
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});
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```
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**Purpose:**
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- Cross-device tracking
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- Cross-session tracking
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- User journey analysis
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**Requirements:**
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- Must be unique per user
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- Must be persistent (same across devices/sessions)
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- Cannot be PII (no email addresses, names)
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- Must clear on logout (set to null)
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### Registering User-Scoped Custom Dimensions
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**Process:**
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1. **Send User Property:**
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```javascript
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gtag('set', {
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'custom_user_property': 'value' // User-scoped
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});
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```
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2. **Navigate to GA4 Admin:**
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Admin → Data Display → Custom Definitions
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3. **Create Custom Dimension:**
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- **Dimension Name:** "Custom User Property Name"
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- **Scope:** **User** ← Select User
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- **User Property:** "custom_user_property"
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- Description: What this property represents
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- Click Save
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4. **Wait 24-48 hours for data population**
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### User Scope Limits
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**Standard GA4:**
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- 25 user-scoped custom dimensions per property
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**GA4 360:**
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- 100 user-scoped custom dimensions per property
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### User Scope Best Practices
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**DO:**
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- Set user properties after user identification (login, registration)
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- Use for attributes that rarely change
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- Clear user_id on logout (set to null)
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- Use consistent values (always "premium", not "Premium" or "PREMIUM")
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**DON'T:**
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- Send PII (personally identifiable information)
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- Use for event-specific data
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- Change user properties frequently (not event-by-event)
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- Exceed property limits (plan carefully)
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---
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## Item Scope (Item-Scoped Parameters)
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### Definition
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Item-scoped parameters apply to individual products in ecommerce events. They describe product-specific attributes.
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### Characteristics
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**Lifespan:** That transaction/ecommerce event only
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**Persistence:** Applies to items in items array
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**Use For:** Product-level details in ecommerce tracking
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### Common Use Cases
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**Product Attributes:**
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- Product color, size, variant
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- Product category, subcategory
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- Product brand, manufacturer
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- Product SKU, UPC
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**Product Details:**
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- Supplier/vendor information
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- Warehouse location
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- Stock status
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- Product rating/reviews
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**Product Pricing:**
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- Individual price
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- Discount applied
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- Coupon used
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- Margin/cost
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### Item-Scoped Examples
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#### Example 1: Product Purchase with Item Details
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```javascript
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gtag('event', 'purchase', {
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'transaction_id': 'TXN_12345',
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'value': 142.52,
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'currency': 'USD',
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'items': [
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{
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'item_id': 'SKU_123',
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'item_name': 'Blue T-Shirt',
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// Standard item parameters
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'price': 29.99,
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'quantity': 2,
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'item_category': 'Apparel',
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'item_brand': 'Brand A',
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// Item-scoped custom parameters
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'item_color': 'blue', // Item-scoped
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'item_size': 'large', // Item-scoped
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'supplier': 'Vendor_XYZ', // Item-scoped
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'warehouse_location': 'US-WEST' // Item-scoped
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},
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{
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'item_id': 'SKU_124',
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'item_name': 'Red Shoes',
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'price': 82.54,
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'quantity': 1,
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// Different item-scoped values for this product
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'item_color': 'red', // Item-scoped
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'item_size': '10', // Item-scoped
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'supplier': 'Vendor_ABC', // Item-scoped
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'warehouse_location': 'US-EAST' // Item-scoped
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}
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]
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});
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```
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**Why Item-Scoped:**
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- Each product has different color, size, supplier
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- Attributes specific to individual items in cart
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- Enables product-level analysis
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#### Example 2: Custom Product Attributes
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```javascript
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gtag('event', 'add_to_cart', {
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'currency': 'USD',
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'value': 199.99,
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'items': [
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{
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'item_id': 'LAPTOP_001',
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'item_name': 'Gaming Laptop',
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'price': 199.99,
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'quantity': 1,
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// Custom item-scoped parameters
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'processor': 'Intel i7', // Item-scoped
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'ram_gb': 16, // Item-scoped
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'storage_type': 'SSD', // Item-scoped
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'screen_size_inches': 15.6, // Item-scoped
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'condition': 'new', // Item-scoped
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'warranty_years': 2 // Item-scoped
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}
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]
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});
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```
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**Why Item-Scoped:**
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- Product specifications unique to this item
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- Enables filtering/analysis by product attributes
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- Helps understand what drives purchases
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### Registering Item-Scoped Custom Dimensions
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**Process:**
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1. **Send Item Parameter in Items Array:**
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```javascript
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gtag('event', 'purchase', {
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'items': [
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{
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'item_id': 'SKU_123',
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'item_name': 'Product',
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'custom_item_param': 'value' // Item-scoped
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}
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]
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});
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```
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2. **Navigate to GA4 Admin:**
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Admin → Data Display → Custom Definitions
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3. **Create Custom Dimension:**
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- **Dimension Name:** "Custom Item Attribute"
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- **Scope:** **Item** ← Select Item
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- **Event Parameter:** "custom_item_param"
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- Description: What item attribute this tracks
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- Click Save
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4. **Wait 24-48 hours for data population**
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### Item Scope Limits
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**Standard GA4:**
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- 10 item-scoped custom dimensions per property
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- Maximum 27 items per event
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**GA4 360:**
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- 25 item-scoped custom dimensions per property
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- Maximum 27 items per event
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|
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### Item Scope Best Practices
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**DO:**
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- Use for product-specific attributes
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- Include in all ecommerce events (view_item, add_to_cart, purchase)
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- Be consistent with parameter names across items
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- Use for analysis/filtering products
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**DON'T:**
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- Exceed 27 items per event
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- Use for user-level data (use user scope instead)
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- Use for event-level data (use event scope instead)
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- Forget to register item parameters as item-scoped dimensions
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---
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## Scope Comparison Table
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| Aspect | Event Scope | User Scope | Item Scope |
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|--------|------------|------------|------------|
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| **Applies To** | Single event | All user events | Products in items array |
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| **Lifespan** | One event | All sessions | One transaction |
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| **Persistence** | No | Yes (until changed) | No |
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| **Use Case** | Event details | User attributes | Product details |
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| **Examples** | button_name, form_id | subscription_tier, user_type | item_color, item_size |
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| **Max Dimensions (Standard)** | 50 | 25 | 10 |
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| **Max Dimensions (GA4 360)** | 125 | 100 | 25 |
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| **Set Method** | gtag('event', ...) | gtag('set', ...) | items array |
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||||
---
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||||
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## Choosing the Right Scope
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||||
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### Decision Framework
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||||
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||||
**Ask these questions:**
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1. **Does this data describe the USER?**
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- Examples: subscription_tier, customer_segment, years_customer
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- **Scope:** User
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- **Why:** Attribute of who the user is
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||||
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||||
2. **Does this data describe the EVENT/ACTION?**
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- Examples: button_name, form_id, video_title
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- **Scope:** Event
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- **Why:** Specific to this interaction
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||||
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3. **Does this data describe a PRODUCT?**
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- Examples: item_color, item_size, supplier
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- **Scope:** Item
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- **Why:** Product-level detail in ecommerce
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||||
|
||||
### Scope Selection Examples
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 1: Form Tracking
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
gtag('event', 'form_submit', {
|
||||
// Event-scoped (describes THIS form submission)
|
||||
'form_id': 'contact-form',
|
||||
'form_type': 'lead_generation',
|
||||
'form_location': 'footer',
|
||||
|
||||
// User-scoped (describes WHO submitted)
|
||||
'user_tier': 'premium', // Set via gtag('set')
|
||||
'account_age_days': 365 // Set via gtag('set')
|
||||
});
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 2: Ecommerce Purchase
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
gtag('event', 'purchase', {
|
||||
// Event-scoped (describes THIS transaction)
|
||||
'transaction_id': 'TXN_123',
|
||||
'value': 99.99,
|
||||
'currency': 'USD',
|
||||
'payment_method': 'credit_card',
|
||||
|
||||
// User-scoped (WHO made purchase) - set separately
|
||||
// gtag('set', {'customer_lifetime_value': 5000})
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|
||||
// Item-scoped (WHAT was purchased)
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||||
'items': [
|
||||
{
|
||||
'item_id': 'SKU_123',
|
||||
'item_color': 'blue', // Item-scoped
|
||||
'item_size': 'large' // Item-scoped
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
});
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 3: Video Tracking
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
// User property (set once)
|
||||
gtag('set', {
|
||||
'user_subscription': 'premium' // User-scoped
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// Video event
|
||||
gtag('event', 'video_complete', {
|
||||
// Event-scoped (describes THIS video watch)
|
||||
'video_id': 'VID_123',
|
||||
'video_title': 'GA4 Tutorial',
|
||||
'video_duration': 1200,
|
||||
'completion_percent': 100
|
||||
});
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Common Scope Mistakes
|
||||
|
||||
### Mistake 1: Using Event Scope for User Attributes
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
// ❌ WRONG - subscription_tier sent as event parameter
|
||||
gtag('event', 'page_view', {
|
||||
'subscription_tier': 'premium' // Will only apply to this event
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// ✅ CORRECT - subscription_tier as user property
|
||||
gtag('set', {
|
||||
'subscription_tier': 'premium' // Applies to all events
|
||||
});
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Mistake 2: Using User Scope for Event Details
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
// ❌ WRONG - button_name as user property
|
||||
gtag('set', {
|
||||
'button_name': 'Subscribe' // Will apply to ALL events (incorrect)
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// ✅ CORRECT - button_name as event parameter
|
||||
gtag('event', 'button_click', {
|
||||
'button_name': 'Subscribe' // Only applies to this click
|
||||
});
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Mistake 3: Not Using Item Scope for Products
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
// ❌ WRONG - product color as event parameter
|
||||
gtag('event', 'purchase', {
|
||||
'product_color': 'blue' // Can't handle multiple products
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// ✅ CORRECT - product color in items array
|
||||
gtag('event', 'purchase', {
|
||||
'items': [
|
||||
{
|
||||
'item_id': 'SKU_123',
|
||||
'item_color': 'blue' // Item-scoped, handles multiple products
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
});
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Mistake 4: Changing Scope After Registration
|
||||
|
||||
**Problem:** Cannot change scope after custom dimension is registered
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Created dimension with Event scope
|
||||
↓
|
||||
Realize it should be User scope
|
||||
↓
|
||||
Cannot change scope
|
||||
↓
|
||||
Must create NEW dimension
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Solution:** Plan scopes carefully before registering dimensions
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Scope Planning Checklist
|
||||
|
||||
Before implementing parameters:
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] Identify all parameters to collect
|
||||
- [ ] Determine scope for each parameter (event/user/item)
|
||||
- [ ] Verify scope choice with decision framework
|
||||
- [ ] Plan custom dimension registrations
|
||||
- [ ] Check against scope limits (50 event, 25 user, 10 item)
|
||||
- [ ] Document parameter scope decisions
|
||||
- [ ] Test in DebugView before production
|
||||
- [ ] Register dimensions with correct scope
|
||||
- [ ] Verify data in reports after 24-48 hours
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Advanced Scope Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
### Pattern 1: Combining Scopes for Rich Context
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
// 1. Set user properties (User scope)
|
||||
gtag('set', {
|
||||
'user_tier': 'enterprise',
|
||||
'customer_segment': 'high_value'
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// 2. Fire event with event parameters (Event scope)
|
||||
gtag('event', 'purchase', {
|
||||
'payment_method': 'invoice', // Event scope
|
||||
'purchase_channel': 'phone', // Event scope
|
||||
|
||||
'items': [
|
||||
{
|
||||
'item_id': 'SKU_123',
|
||||
'item_color': 'blue', // Item scope
|
||||
'supplier': 'Vendor_A' // Item scope
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// Result: Event has all three scopes of context
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Pattern 2: Dynamic User Property Updates
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
// Update user property based on action
|
||||
function updateUserEngagement(action) {
|
||||
const engagementLevels = {
|
||||
'page_view': 'low',
|
||||
'form_submit': 'medium',
|
||||
'purchase': 'high'
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
gtag('set', {
|
||||
'engagement_level': engagementLevels[action]
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Call when engagement level changes
|
||||
updateUserEngagement('purchase');
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Pattern 3: Item Scope with Custom Calculations
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
gtag('event', 'purchase', {
|
||||
'items': [
|
||||
{
|
||||
'item_id': 'SKU_123',
|
||||
'price': 100,
|
||||
'quantity': 2,
|
||||
|
||||
// Calculated item-scoped parameters
|
||||
'profit_margin': calculateMargin(100, 60), // 40%
|
||||
'stock_status': getStockStatus('SKU_123'), // 'in_stock'
|
||||
'popularity_rank': getRank('SKU_123') // 5
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
});
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Additional Resources
|
||||
|
||||
- Official GA4 Scopes Documentation: https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/11396839
|
||||
- Custom Dimensions Guide: https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/10075209
|
||||
- User Properties: https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/9355671
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user