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---
name: grey-haven-data-modeling
description: Design database schemas for Grey Haven multi-tenant SaaS - SQLModel models, Drizzle schema, multi-tenant isolation with tenant_id and RLS, timestamp fields, foreign keys, indexes, migrations, and relationships. Use when creating database tables.
---
# Grey Haven Data Modeling Standards
Design **database schemas** for Grey Haven Studio's multi-tenant SaaS applications using SQLModel (FastAPI) and Drizzle ORM (TanStack Start) with PostgreSQL and RLS.
## Multi-Tenant Principles
### CRITICAL: Every Table Requires tenant_id
```typescript
// ✅ CORRECT - Drizzle
export const users = pgTable("users", {
id: uuid("id").primaryKey().defaultRandom(),
tenant_id: uuid("tenant_id").notNull(), // REQUIRED!
created_at: timestamp("created_at").defaultNow().notNull(),
updated_at: timestamp("updated_at").defaultNow().notNull(),
// ... other fields
});
```
```python
# ✅ CORRECT - SQLModel
class User(SQLModel, table=True):
__tablename__ = "users"
id: UUID = Field(default_factory=uuid4, primary_key=True)
tenant_id: UUID = Field(foreign_key="tenants.id", index=True) # REQUIRED!
created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
# ... other fields
```
### Naming Conventions
**ALWAYS use snake_case** (never camelCase):
```typescript
// ✅ CORRECT
email_address: text("email_address")
created_at: timestamp("created_at")
is_active: boolean("is_active")
tenant_id: uuid("tenant_id")
// ❌ WRONG
emailAddress: text("emailAddress") // WRONG!
createdAt: timestamp("createdAt") // WRONG!
```
### Standard Fields (Required on All Tables)
```typescript
// Every table should have:
id: uuid("id").primaryKey().defaultRandom()
created_at: timestamp("created_at").defaultNow().notNull()
updated_at: timestamp("updated_at").defaultNow().notNull()
tenant_id: uuid("tenant_id").notNull()
deleted_at: timestamp("deleted_at") // For soft deletes (optional)
```
## Core Tables
### 1. Tenants Table (Root)
```typescript
// Drizzle
export const tenants = pgTable("tenants", {
id: uuid("id").primaryKey().defaultRandom(),
name: text("name").notNull(),
slug: text("slug").notNull().unique(),
is_active: boolean("is_active").default(true).notNull(),
created_at: timestamp("created_at").defaultNow().notNull(),
updated_at: timestamp("updated_at").defaultNow().notNull(),
});
```
```python
# SQLModel
class Tenant(SQLModel, table=True):
__tablename__ = "tenants"
id: UUID = Field(default_factory=uuid4, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(max_length=255)
slug: str = Field(max_length=100, unique=True)
is_active: bool = Field(default=True)
created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
```
### 2. Users Table (With Tenant Isolation)
```typescript
// Drizzle
export const users = pgTable("users", {
id: uuid("id").primaryKey().defaultRandom(),
tenant_id: uuid("tenant_id").notNull(),
email_address: text("email_address").notNull().unique(),
full_name: text("full_name").notNull(),
is_active: boolean("is_active").default(true).notNull(),
created_at: timestamp("created_at").defaultNow().notNull(),
updated_at: timestamp("updated_at").defaultNow().notNull(),
deleted_at: timestamp("deleted_at"),
});
// Index for tenant_id
export const usersTenantIndex = index("users_tenant_id_idx").on(users.tenant_id);
```
```python
# SQLModel
class User(SQLModel, table=True):
__tablename__ = "users"
id: UUID = Field(default_factory=uuid4, primary_key=True)
tenant_id: UUID = Field(foreign_key="tenants.id", index=True)
email_address: str = Field(max_length=255, unique=True)
full_name: str = Field(max_length=255)
is_active: bool = Field(default=True)
created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
deleted_at: Optional[datetime] = None
```
## Relationships
### One-to-Many
```typescript
// Drizzle - User has many Posts
export const posts = pgTable("posts", {
id: uuid("id").primaryKey().defaultRandom(),
tenant_id: uuid("tenant_id").notNull(),
user_id: uuid("user_id").notNull(),
title: text("title").notNull(),
// ... other fields
});
// Relations
export const usersRelations = relations(users, ({ many }) => ({
posts: many(posts),
}));
export const postsRelations = relations(posts, ({ one }) => ({
user: one(users, {
fields: [posts.user_id],
references: [users.id],
}),
}));
```
### Many-to-Many
```typescript
// Drizzle - User has many Roles through UserRoles
export const user_roles = pgTable("user_roles", {
id: uuid("id").primaryKey().defaultRandom(),
tenant_id: uuid("tenant_id").notNull(),
user_id: uuid("user_id").notNull(),
role_id: uuid("role_id").notNull(),
created_at: timestamp("created_at").defaultNow().notNull(),
});
// Indexes for join table
export const userRolesUserIndex = index("user_roles_user_id_idx").on(user_roles.user_id);
export const userRolesRoleIndex = index("user_roles_role_id_idx").on(user_roles.role_id);
```
## RLS Policies
### Enable RLS on All Tables
```sql
-- Enable RLS
ALTER TABLE users ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
-- Tenant isolation policy
CREATE POLICY "tenant_isolation"
ON users
FOR ALL
USING (tenant_id = current_setting('app.tenant_id')::uuid);
-- Admin override policy
CREATE POLICY "admin_override"
ON users
FOR ALL
TO admin_role
USING (true);
```
## Indexes
### Required Indexes
```typescript
// ALWAYS index tenant_id
export const usersTenantIndex = index("users_tenant_id_idx").on(users.tenant_id);
// Index foreign keys
export const postsUserIndex = index("posts_user_id_idx").on(posts.user_id);
// Composite indexes for common queries
export const postsCompositeIndex = index("posts_tenant_user_idx")
.on(posts.tenant_id, posts.user_id);
```
## Migrations
### Drizzle Kit
```bash
# Generate migration
bun run db:generate
# Apply migration
bun run db:migrate
# Rollback migration (manual)
```
### Alembic (SQLModel)
```bash
# Generate migration
alembic revision --autogenerate -m "add users table"
# Apply migration
alembic upgrade head
# Rollback migration
alembic downgrade -1
```
## Supporting Documentation
All supporting files are under 500 lines per Anthropic best practices:
- **[examples/](examples/)** - Complete schema examples
- [drizzle-models.md](examples/drizzle-models.md) - Drizzle schema examples
- [sqlmodel-models.md](examples/sqlmodel-models.md) - SQLModel examples
- [relationships.md](examples/relationships.md) - Relationship patterns
- [rls-policies.md](examples/rls-policies.md) - RLS policy examples
- [INDEX.md](examples/INDEX.md) - Examples navigation
- **[reference/](reference/)** - Data modeling references
- [naming-conventions.md](reference/naming-conventions.md) - Field naming rules
- [indexes.md](reference/indexes.md) - Index strategies
- [migrations.md](reference/migrations.md) - Migration patterns
- [INDEX.md](reference/INDEX.md) - Reference navigation
- **[templates/](templates/)** - Copy-paste ready templates
- [drizzle-table.ts](templates/drizzle-table.ts) - Drizzle table template
- [sqlmodel-table.py](templates/sqlmodel-table.py) - SQLModel table template
- **[checklists/](checklists/)** - Schema checklists
- [schema-checklist.md](checklists/schema-checklist.md) - Pre-PR schema validation
## When to Apply This Skill
Use this skill when:
- Creating new database tables
- Designing multi-tenant data models
- Adding relationships between tables
- Creating RLS policies
- Generating database migrations
- Refactoring existing schemas
- Implementing soft deletes
- Adding indexes for performance
## Template Reference
These patterns are from Grey Haven's production templates:
- **cvi-template**: Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL + RLS
- **cvi-backend-template**: SQLModel + PostgreSQL + Alembic
## Critical Reminders
1. **tenant_id**: Required on EVERY table (no exceptions!)
2. **snake_case**: All fields use snake_case (NEVER camelCase)
3. **Timestamps**: created_at and updated_at on all tables
4. **Indexes**: Always index tenant_id and foreign keys
5. **RLS policies**: Enable RLS on all tables for tenant isolation
6. **Soft deletes**: Use deleted_at instead of hard deletes
7. **Foreign keys**: Explicitly define relationships
8. **Migrations**: Test both up and down migrations
9. **Email fields**: Name as email_address (not email)
10. **Boolean fields**: Use is_/has_/can_ prefix

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# Database Schema Checklist
**Use before creating PR for new database schemas.**
## Naming Conventions
- [ ] All field names use snake_case (NOT camelCase)
- [ ] Boolean fields use is_/has_/can_ prefix
- [ ] Timestamp fields use _at suffix
- [ ] Foreign keys use _id suffix
- [ ] Email field named email_address (not email)
- [ ] Phone field named phone_number (not phone)
## Multi-Tenant Requirements
- [ ] tenant_id field present on ALL tables
- [ ] tenant_id has NOT NULL constraint
- [ ] tenant_id has index for performance
- [ ] tenant_id has foreign key to tenants table
- [ ] RLS policy created for tenant isolation
- [ ] Test cases verify tenant isolation
## Standard Fields
- [ ] id field (UUID primary key)
- [ ] created_at timestamp (NOT NULL, default now())
- [ ] updated_at timestamp (NOT NULL, auto-update)
- [ ] tenant_id (NOT NULL, indexed)
- [ ] deleted_at timestamp (for soft delete, optional)
## Indexes
- [ ] tenant_id indexed
- [ ] Foreign keys indexed
- [ ] Unique fields indexed
- [ ] Frequently queried fields indexed
- [ ] Composite indexes for common query patterns
## Relationships
- [ ] Foreign keys defined explicitly
- [ ] Relationships documented in schema
- [ ] Cascade delete configured appropriately
- [ ] Join tables for many-to-many
## Migrations
- [ ] Migration generated (Drizzle Kit or Alembic)
- [ ] Migration tested locally
- [ ] Migration reversible (has downgrade)
- [ ] Migration reviewed by teammate
- [ ] No breaking changes without coordination
## Row Level Security
- [ ] RLS enabled on table
- [ ] Tenant isolation policy created
- [ ] Admin override policy (if needed)
- [ ] Anonymous policy (if public data)
- [ ] RLS tested with different roles

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# Data Modeling Examples
Complete database schema examples for multi-tenant SaaS.
## Available Examples
### [drizzle-models.md](drizzle-models.md)
Drizzle ORM schema examples (TypeScript).
- Basic table definitions
- Relationships (one-to-many, many-to-many)
- Indexes and constraints
### [sqlmodel-models.md](sqlmodel-models.md)
SQLModel schema examples (Python).
- Model definitions
- Relationships and foreign keys
- Type hints and validation
### [relationships.md](relationships.md)
Relationship patterns for both ORMs.
- One-to-many relationships
- Many-to-many with join tables
- Self-referential relationships
### [rls-policies.md](rls-policies.md)
Row Level Security policy examples.
- Tenant isolation policies
- Admin override policies
- Public data policies
## Quick Reference
**Need Drizzle?** → [drizzle-models.md](drizzle-models.md)
**Need SQLModel?** → [sqlmodel-models.md](sqlmodel-models.md)
**Need relationships?** → [relationships.md](relationships.md)
**Need RLS?** → [rls-policies.md](rls-policies.md)

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# Data Modeling Reference
Configuration and pattern references.
## Available References
### [naming-conventions.md](naming-conventions.md)
Field naming rules and conventions.
- snake_case requirements
- Boolean field prefixes
- Timestamp field suffixes
- Foreign key naming
### [indexes.md](indexes.md)
Index strategies and optimization.
- When to create indexes
- Composite indexes
- Unique constraints
- Performance considerations
### [migrations.md](migrations.md)
Migration patterns and best practices.
- Drizzle Kit workflow
- Alembic workflow
- Rollback strategies
- Testing migrations
## Quick Reference
**Need naming?** → [naming-conventions.md](naming-conventions.md)
**Need indexes?** → [indexes.md](indexes.md)
**Need migrations?** → [migrations.md](migrations.md)