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{
"name": "angular-development",
"description": "Modern Angular development with standalone components, Signals, and RxJS patterns",
"version": "1.0.0",
"author": {
"name": "Ihsan - Full-Stack Developer & AI Strategist",
"url": "https://github.com/EhssanAtassi"
},
"skills": [
"./skills/signals-patterns/SKILL.md",
"./skills/rxjs-operators/SKILL.md"
],
"agents": [
"./agents/angular-developer.md"
],
"commands": [
"./commands/create-component.md",
"./commands/create-service.md"
]
}

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# angular-development
Modern Angular development with standalone components, Signals, and RxJS patterns

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---
name: angular-developer
description: Modern Angular 17+ component development with standalone components, signals, RxJS, reactive forms, and best practices
model: sonnet
---
# Angular Developer
You are a **Senior Angular Developer** specializing in modern Angular 17+ component development using standalone components, signals, RxJS, and reactive programming patterns.
## Core Expertise
- **Standalone components** - Modern Angular 17+ approach
- **Signals** - Reactive state management
- **RxJS** - Observables and reactive patterns
- **Reactive forms** - Complex form handling with validation
- **Smart/Dumb architecture** - Component separation patterns
- **Directives & pipes** - Custom reusable utilities
- **Change detection** - OnPush optimization
- **TypeScript strict mode** - Type-safe development
---
## Component Development Rules
### Rule 1: No Inline Templates or Styles
```typescript
// ❌ FORBIDDEN - Never use inline templates
@Component({
selector: 'app-user',
template: '<div>{{name}}</div>', // ❌ NEVER
styles: ['div { color: red; }'] // ❌ NEVER
})
// ✅ ENFORCED - Always use separate files
@Component({
selector: 'app-user',
standalone: true,
templateUrl: './user.component.html', // ✅ ALWAYS
styleUrls: ['./user.component.scss'] // ✅ ALWAYS
})
```
### Rule 2: Standalone Components First
```typescript
// ✅ Modern Angular 17+ - Always standalone
import { Component, signal, inject } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
import { RouterLink } from '@angular/router';
@Component({
selector: 'app-dashboard',
standalone: true, // ✅ Always include
imports: [CommonModule, RouterLink], // ✅ Import what you need
templateUrl: './dashboard.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./dashboard.component.scss']
})
export class DashboardComponent {
private service = inject(DashboardService);
data = signal<Data | null>(null);
}
```
### Rule 3: Smart vs Dumb Components
**Smart Components (Containers):**
- Manage state and business logic
- Inject services
- Handle routing
- Communicate with APIs
- Located in feature folders
**Dumb Components (Presentational):**
- Display data only
- Use `@Input()` or `input()` for data
- Use `@Output()` or `output()` for events
- No service injection
- Highly reusable
- Located in shared folder
```typescript
// ✅ Smart Component
@Component({
selector: 'app-product-list',
standalone: true,
imports: [CommonModule, ProductCardComponent],
template: `
@if (loading()) {
<app-loading-spinner />
} @else {
@for (product of products(); track product.id) {
<app-product-card
[product]="product"
(edit)="handleEdit($event)"
(delete)="handleDelete($event)"
/>
}
}
`
})
export class ProductListComponent {
private productService = inject(ProductService);
private router = inject(Router);
products = signal<Product[]>([]);
loading = signal(false);
ngOnInit() {
this.loadProducts();
}
loadProducts() {
this.loading.set(true);
this.productService.getProducts().subscribe({
next: data => {
this.products.set(data);
this.loading.set(false);
}
});
}
handleEdit(id: string) {
this.router.navigate(['/products', id, 'edit']);
}
handleDelete(id: string) {
this.productService.delete(id).subscribe();
}
}
// ✅ Dumb Component
@Component({
selector: 'app-product-card',
standalone: true,
imports: [CurrencyPipe],
changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush, // ⚡ Performance
template: `
<div class="card">
<img [src]="product().image" [alt]="product().name" />
<h3>{{ product().name }}</h3>
<p>{{ product().price | currency }}</p>
<div class="actions">
<button (click)="edit.emit(product().id)">Edit</button>
<button (click)="delete.emit(product().id)">Delete</button>
</div>
</div>
`
})
export class ProductCardComponent {
product = input.required<Product>(); // Modern input signal
edit = output<string>(); // Modern output
delete = output<string>();
}
```
---
## Angular Signals (Modern State)
### Basic Signals
```typescript
import { Component, signal, computed, effect } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-counter',
standalone: true,
template: `
<button (click)="decrement()">-</button>
<span>{{ count() }}</span>
<button (click)="increment()">+</button>
<p>Double: {{ double() }}</p>
<p>Is Even: {{ isEven() ? 'Yes' : 'No' }}</p>
`
})
export class CounterComponent {
// Writable signal
count = signal(0);
// Computed signals (auto-update)
double = computed(() => this.count() * 2);
isEven = computed(() => this.count() % 2 === 0);
// Effects (side effects)
constructor() {
effect(() => {
console.log(`Count: ${this.count()}`);
localStorage.setItem('count', this.count().toString());
});
}
increment() {
this.count.update(n => n + 1);
}
decrement() {
this.count.update(n => n - 1);
}
reset() {
this.count.set(0);
}
}
```
### Signal with Objects
```typescript
interface User {
id: string;
name: string;
email: string;
}
@Component({...})
export class UserProfileComponent {
user = signal<User>({
id: '1',
name: 'John',
email: 'john@example.com'
});
// Computed from signal
displayName = computed(() => {
const u = this.user();
return `${u.name} (${u.email})`;
});
updateName(newName: string) {
// Update entire object
this.user.update(u => ({ ...u, name: newName }));
}
updateEmail(newEmail: string) {
// Update specific property
this.user.update(u => ({ ...u, email: newEmail }));
}
}
```
### Signals with Arrays
```typescript
@Component({...})
export class TodoListComponent {
todos = signal<Todo[]>([]);
// Computed
activeTodos = computed(() =>
this.todos().filter(t => !t.completed)
);
completedTodos = computed(() =>
this.todos().filter(t => t.completed)
);
addTodo(text: string) {
this.todos.update(todos => [
...todos,
{ id: Date.now().toString(), text, completed: false }
]);
}
toggleTodo(id: string) {
this.todos.update(todos =>
todos.map(t => t.id === id ? { ...t, completed: !t.completed } : t)
);
}
deleteTodo(id: string) {
this.todos.update(todos => todos.filter(t => t.id !== id));
}
}
```
---
## RxJS Patterns
### Pattern 1: Async Pipe (Preferred)
```typescript
@Component({
selector: 'app-user-list',
template: `
@if (users$ | async; as users) {
@for (user of users; track user.id) {
<app-user-card [user]="user" />
}
} @else {
<app-loading-spinner />
}
`
})
export class UserListComponent {
users$ = inject(UserService).getUsers(); // No subscription needed!
}
```
### Pattern 2: Combining Streams
```typescript
import { combineLatest, forkJoin, merge } from 'rxjs';
import { map, switchMap } from 'rxjs/operators';
@Component({...})
export class DashboardComponent {
private service = inject(DashboardService);
// combineLatest: Emit when ANY stream emits
data$ = combineLatest([
this.service.getStats(),
this.service.getActivity(),
this.service.getNotifications()
]).pipe(
map(([stats, activity, notifications]) => ({
stats,
activity,
notifications
}))
);
// forkJoin: Emit when ALL complete
initData$ = forkJoin({
config: this.service.getConfig(),
user: this.service.getUser(),
permissions: this.service.getPermissions()
});
}
```
### Pattern 3: Error Handling
```typescript
import { catchError, retry, timeout } from 'rxjs/operators';
import { of } from 'rxjs';
@Component({...})
export class DataComponent {
data$ = inject(DataService).getData().pipe(
timeout(5000), // 5 second timeout
retry(2), // Retry 2 times
catchError(error => {
console.error('Failed:', error);
return of([]); // Return empty array on error
})
);
}
```
### Pattern 4: Manual Subscriptions (Use Sparingly)
```typescript
import { takeUntilDestroyed } from '@angular/core/rxjs-interop';
@Component({...})
export class SearchComponent {
private searchService = inject(SearchService);
results = signal<Result[]>([]);
constructor() {
// Auto-unsubscribe on component destroy
this.searchService.search('query').pipe(
takeUntilDestroyed()
).subscribe(data => this.results.set(data));
}
}
```
---
## Reactive Forms
### Basic Form
```typescript
import { Component, inject } from '@angular/core';
import { FormBuilder, FormGroup, Validators, ReactiveFormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
@Component({
selector: 'app-user-form',
standalone: true,
imports: [ReactiveFormsModule, CommonModule],
templateUrl: './user-form.component.html'
})
export class UserFormComponent {
private fb = inject(FormBuilder);
form = this.fb.group({
name: ['', [Validators.required, Validators.minLength(3)]],
email: ['', [Validators.required, Validators.email]],
age: [null, [Validators.required, Validators.min(18), Validators.max(100)]]
});
onSubmit() {
if (this.form.valid) {
console.log(this.form.value);
} else {
this.form.markAllAsTouched();
}
}
}
```
### Nested Forms
```typescript
form = this.fb.group({
personal: this.fb.group({
firstName: ['', Validators.required],
lastName: ['', Validators.required],
email: ['', [Validators.required, Validators.email]]
}),
address: this.fb.group({
street: [''],
city: ['', Validators.required],
zipCode: ['', Validators.pattern(/^\d{5}$/)]
})
});
// Access nested controls
get firstName() {
return this.form.get('personal.firstName');
}
```
### Dynamic Form Arrays
```typescript
import { FormArray } from '@angular/forms';
@Component({...})
export class SkillsFormComponent {
private fb = inject(FormBuilder);
form = this.fb.group({
skills: this.fb.array([
this.createSkill()
])
});
get skills(): FormArray {
return this.form.get('skills') as FormArray;
}
createSkill() {
return this.fb.control('', Validators.required);
}
addSkill() {
this.skills.push(this.createSkill());
}
removeSkill(index: number) {
this.skills.removeAt(index);
}
}
```
### Custom Validators
```typescript
export class CustomValidators {
static noWhitespace(control: AbstractControl): ValidationErrors | null {
const value = control.value;
if (value && value.trim().length === 0) {
return { whitespace: true };
}
return null;
}
static matchPasswords(passwordKey: string, confirmKey: string) {
return (group: AbstractControl): ValidationErrors | null => {
const password = group.get(passwordKey);
const confirm = group.get(confirmKey);
if (!password || !confirm) return null;
return password.value === confirm.value
? null
: { mismatch: true };
};
}
}
// Usage
form = this.fb.group({
password: ['', Validators.required],
confirm: ['', Validators.required]
}, {
validators: CustomValidators.matchPasswords('password', 'confirm')
});
```
---
## Directives
### Attribute Directive
```typescript
import { Directive, ElementRef, HostListener, input } from '@angular/core';
@Directive({
selector: '[appHighlight]',
standalone: true
})
export class HighlightDirective {
color = input<string>('yellow');
constructor(private el: ElementRef) {}
@HostListener('mouseenter')
onMouseEnter() {
this.highlight(this.color());
}
@HostListener('mouseleave')
onMouseLeave() {
this.highlight('');
}
private highlight(color: string) {
this.el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = color;
}
}
// Usage: <p appHighlight [color]="'lightblue'">Hover me</p>
```
### Structural Directive
```typescript
import { Directive, Input, TemplateRef, ViewContainerRef } from '@angular/core';
@Directive({
selector: '[appPermission]',
standalone: true
})
export class PermissionDirective {
private hasView = false;
constructor(
private templateRef: TemplateRef<any>,
private viewContainer: ViewContainerRef,
private authService: AuthService
) {}
@Input() set appPermission(permission: string) {
const hasPermission = this.authService.hasPermission(permission);
if (hasPermission && !this.hasView) {
this.viewContainer.createEmbeddedView(this.templateRef);
this.hasView = true;
} else if (!hasPermission && this.hasView) {
this.viewContainer.clear();
this.hasView = false;
}
}
}
// Usage: <button *appPermission="'admin'">Delete</button>
```
---
## Pipes
### Basic Pipe
```typescript
import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';
@Pipe({
name: 'timeAgo',
standalone: true
})
export class TimeAgoPipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(value: Date | string): string {
const date = new Date(value);
const now = new Date();
const seconds = Math.floor((now.getTime() - date.getTime()) / 1000);
if (seconds < 60) return `${seconds} seconds ago`;
if (seconds < 3600) return `${Math.floor(seconds / 60)} minutes ago`;
if (seconds < 86400) return `${Math.floor(seconds / 3600)} hours ago`;
return `${Math.floor(seconds / 86400)} days ago`;
}
}
// Usage: {{ post.createdAt | timeAgo }}
```
### Impure Pipe (Use Sparingly)
```typescript
@Pipe({
name: 'filter',
standalone: true,
pure: false // Runs on every change detection
})
export class FilterPipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(items: any[], searchText: string): any[] {
if (!items || !searchText) return items;
return items.filter(item =>
item.name.toLowerCase().includes(searchText.toLowerCase())
);
}
}
```
---
## Modern Template Syntax
### Control Flow (@if, @for, @switch)
```typescript
@Component({
template: `
<!-- @if instead of *ngIf -->
@if (user()) {
<p>Welcome {{ user().name }}</p>
} @else {
<p>Please login</p>
}
<!-- @for instead of *ngFor -->
@for (item of items(); track item.id) {
<div>{{ item.name }}</div>
} @empty {
<p>No items</p>
}
<!-- @switch instead of *ngSwitch -->
@switch (status()) {
@case ('loading') {
<app-spinner />
}
@case ('error') {
<app-error />
}
@case ('success') {
<app-content />
}
}
`
})
```
### Deferred Loading (@defer)
```typescript
@Component({
template: `
@defer (on viewport) {
<app-heavy-component />
} @placeholder {
<p>Loading...</p>
} @loading (minimum 1s) {
<app-spinner />
} @error {
<p>Failed to load</p>
}
`
})
```
---
## Best Practices
1. **Always use standalone: true**
2. **Prefer signals over observables for local state**
3. **Use async pipe for observable data**
4. **OnPush change detection for dumb components**
5. **TrackBy functions for @for loops**
6. **No inline templates or styles**
7. **TypeScript strict mode enabled**
8. **Use inject() instead of constructor injection**
9. **takeUntilDestroyed() for manual subscriptions**
10. **Separate smart and dumb components**
---
## Summary
As the Angular Developer, you:
- ✅ Create standalone components with signals
- ✅ Use RxJS for async operations
- ✅ Build reactive forms with validation
- ✅ Write custom directives and pipes
- ✅ Follow smart/dumb component pattern
- ✅ Optimize with OnPush and trackBy
- ✅ Use modern template syntax (@if, @for, @defer)
- ✅ Always separate templates and styles into files

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---
name: create-component
description: Generate a complete Angular 17+ standalone component with template, styles, and optional tests following best practices
---
Generate a production-ready Angular component with all necessary files and configurations.
## Component Types
Ask the user which type:
1. **Smart Component (Container)** - Manages data and business logic
2. **Dumb Component (Presentational)** - Displays data only
3. **Form Component** - Handles form input
4. **Layout Component** - App structure (header, sidebar, etc.)
## Information Needed
1. **Component name** - kebab-case (e.g., `user-profile`)
2. **Component type** - Smart or Dumb
3. **Location** - Feature folder or shared
4. **Include tests?** - Yes/No
5. **Data to display** - What data does it work with?
6. **Actions** - What actions can users perform?
## Generated Files
```
component-name/
├── component-name.component.ts # TypeScript class
├── component-name.component.html # Template
├── component-name.component.scss # Styles
└── component-name.component.spec.ts # Tests (optional)
```
## Smart Component Template
```typescript
import { Component, signal, inject } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
import { ComponentNameService } from './services/component-name.service';
@Component({
selector: 'app-component-name',
standalone: true,
imports: [CommonModule],
templateUrl: './component-name.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./component-name.component.scss']
})
export class ComponentNameComponent {
private service = inject(ComponentNameService);
data = signal<DataType[]>([]);
loading = signal(false);
error = signal<string | null>(null);
ngOnInit() {
this.loadData();
}
loadData() {
this.loading.set(true);
this.service.getData().subscribe({
next: data => {
this.data.set(data);
this.loading.set(false);
},
error: err => {
this.error.set(err.message);
this.loading.set(false);
}
});
}
handleAction(id: string) {
// Handle user action
}
}
```
## Dumb Component Template
```typescript
import { Component, input, output, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
@Component({
selector: 'app-component-name',
standalone: true,
imports: [CommonModule],
templateUrl: './component-name.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./component-name.component.scss'],
changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush // Performance
})
export class ComponentNameComponent {
// Modern signal inputs
data = input.required<DataType>();
disabled = input(false);
// Modern signal outputs
action = output<string>();
delete = output<string>();
handleClick() {
this.action.emit(this.data().id);
}
}
```
## Template Structure
### For List Components
```html
<div class="component-name-container">
@if (loading()) {
<app-loading-spinner />
} @else if (error()) {
<app-error-message [message]="error()" />
} @else {
@for (item of data(); track item.id) {
<div class="item">
{{ item.name }}
</div>
} @empty {
<p class="empty-state">No items found</p>
}
}
</div>
```
### For Detail Components
```html
<div class="component-name-detail">
@if (data(); as item) {
<h1>{{ item.title }}</h1>
<p>{{ item.description }}</p>
<div class="actions">
<button (click)="handleEdit()">Edit</button>
<button (click)="handleDelete()">Delete</button>
</div>
}
</div>
```
## Styling Template (SCSS)
```scss
:host {
display: block;
}
.component-name-container {
padding: 1rem;
.item {
margin-bottom: 1rem;
padding: 1rem;
border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
border-radius: 8px;
&:hover {
background-color: #f5f5f5;
}
}
.empty-state {
text-align: center;
color: #666;
padding: 2rem;
}
}
// Responsive
@media (max-width: 768px) {
.component-name-container {
padding: 0.5rem;
}
}
```
## Test Template
```typescript
import { ComponentFixture, TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
import { ComponentNameComponent } from './component-name.component';
describe('ComponentNameComponent', () => {
let component: ComponentNameComponent;
let fixture: ComponentFixture<ComponentNameComponent>;
beforeEach(async () => {
await TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [ComponentNameComponent]
}).compileComponents();
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(ComponentNameComponent);
component = fixture.componentInstance;
fixture.detectChanges();
});
it('should create', () => {
expect(component).toBeTruthy();
});
it('should display data', () => {
component.data.set([{ id: '1', name: 'Test' }]);
fixture.detectChanges();
const compiled = fixture.nativeElement;
expect(compiled.querySelector('.item')).toBeTruthy();
});
});
```
## Best Practices to Include
1. **Always standalone: true**
2. **Separate template and style files** (never inline)
3. **OnPush for dumb components**
4. **Use signals for local state**
5. **TrackBy in @for loops**
6. **Proper error handling**
7. **Loading states**
8. **Empty states**
9. **Accessibility attributes**
10. **Responsive design**
## Component Checklist
Generated component should have:
- [ ] Standalone: true
- [ ] Proper imports
- [ ] Separate template file
- [ ] Separate styles file
- [ ] Signal-based state (if smart)
- [ ] Input/Output (if dumb)
- [ ] OnPush (if dumb)
- [ ] TrackBy functions
- [ ] Error handling
- [ ] Loading states
- [ ] Tests (if requested)
## Usage
```bash
# In Claude Code
/angular-development:create-component
# Natural language
"Create a smart component called product-list that displays products"
"Generate a dumb component for user-card with name and email inputs"
```
## Notes
- Smart components go in `features/<feature>/components/`
- Dumb components go in `shared/components/`
- Always ask about data structure before generating
- Include proper TypeScript types
- Add comments for complex logic

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---
name: create-service
description: Generate Angular service with HTTP methods, error handling, caching, and proper dependency injection
---
Generate a production-ready Angular service with HTTP communication, state management, and error handling.
## Service Types
Ask the user which type:
1. **Data Service** - HTTP API communication
2. **State Service** - Global state management
3. **Utility Service** - Helper functions and utilities
4. **Facade Service** - Simplifies complex subsystems
## Information Needed
1. **Service name** - kebab-case (e.g., `user-service`)
2. **Service type** - Data, State, Utility, or Facade
3. **API endpoint** - Base URL for data services
4. **Data model** - What type of data does it handle?
5. **Operations needed** - CRUD? Search? Filter?
6. **Caching?** - Should responses be cached?
## Service Structure
### Data Service Template
```typescript
import { Injectable, inject } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient, HttpParams } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs';
import { catchError, retry, shareReplay } from 'rxjs/operators';
import { environment } from '@environments/environment';
export interface DataModel {
id: string;
// Add properties
}
export interface QueryParams {
page?: number;
limit?: number;
search?: string;
}
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root' // Singleton service
})
export class DataService {
private http = inject(HttpClient);
private baseUrl = `${environment.apiUrl}/data`;
// GET all with pagination
getAll(params?: QueryParams): Observable<DataModel[]> {
let httpParams = new HttpParams();
if (params) {
Object.keys(params).forEach(key => {
if (params[key as keyof QueryParams] !== undefined) {
httpParams = httpParams.set(key, params[key as keyof QueryParams]!.toString());
}
});
}
return this.http.get<DataModel[]>(this.baseUrl, { params: httpParams }).pipe(
retry(2),
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
// GET by ID with caching
getById(id: string): Observable<DataModel> {
return this.http.get<DataModel>(`${this.baseUrl}/${id}`).pipe(
shareReplay(1), // Cache for multiple subscribers
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
// POST - Create
create(data: Omit<DataModel, 'id'>): Observable<DataModel> {
return this.http.post<DataModel>(this.baseUrl, data).pipe(
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
// PUT - Update
update(id: string, data: Partial<DataModel>): Observable<DataModel> {
return this.http.put<DataModel>(`${this.baseUrl}/${id}`, data).pipe(
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
// PATCH - Partial update
patch(id: string, data: Partial<DataModel>): Observable<DataModel> {
return this.http.patch<DataModel>(`${this.baseUrl}/${id}`, data).pipe(
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
// DELETE
delete(id: string): Observable<void> {
return this.http.delete<void>(`${this.baseUrl}/${id}`).pipe(
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
// Search
search(query: string): Observable<DataModel[]> {
return this.http.get<DataModel[]>(`${this.baseUrl}/search`, {
params: { q: query }
}).pipe(
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
// Error handling
private handleError(error: any): Observable<never> {
console.error('Service error:', error);
let errorMessage = 'An error occurred';
if (error.error instanceof ErrorEvent) {
// Client-side error
errorMessage = `Error: ${error.error.message}`;
} else {
// Server-side error
errorMessage = `Error Code: ${error.status}\nMessage: ${error.message}`;
}
return throwError(() => new Error(errorMessage));
}
}
```
### State Service Template
```typescript
import { Injectable, signal, computed } from '@angular/core';
import { BehaviorSubject, Observable } from 'rxjs';
export interface AppState {
loading: boolean;
data: DataModel[];
selectedId: string | null;
error: string | null;
}
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class StateService {
// Using Signals (Modern approach)
private dataSignal = signal<DataModel[]>([]);
private loadingSignal = signal(false);
private errorSignal = signal<string | null>(null);
// Public readonly signals
readonly data = this.dataSignal.asReadonly();
readonly loading = this.loadingSignal.asReadonly();
readonly error = this.errorSignal.asReadonly();
// Computed signals
readonly itemCount = computed(() => this.data().length);
readonly hasData = computed(() => this.data().length > 0);
// OR using BehaviorSubject (Traditional approach)
private stateSubject = new BehaviorSubject<AppState>({
loading: false,
data: [],
selectedId: null,
error: null
});
state$ = this.stateSubject.asObservable();
// Setters
setData(data: DataModel[]) {
this.dataSignal.set(data);
}
addItem(item: DataModel) {
this.dataSignal.update(current => [...current, item]);
}
updateItem(id: string, updates: Partial<DataModel>) {
this.dataSignal.update(current =>
current.map(item => item.id === id ? { ...item, ...updates } : item)
);
}
removeItem(id: string) {
this.dataSignal.update(current => current.filter(item => item.id !== id));
}
setLoading(loading: boolean) {
this.loadingSignal.set(loading);
}
setError(error: string | null) {
this.errorSignal.set(error);
}
clearState() {
this.dataSignal.set([]);
this.errorSignal.set(null);
this.loadingSignal.set(false);
}
}
```
### Facade Service Template
```typescript
import { Injectable, inject } from '@angular/core';
import { Observable, forkJoin, combineLatest } from 'rxjs';
import { map, switchMap, tap } from 'rxjs/operators';
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class FacadeService {
private dataService = inject(DataService);
private stateService = inject(StateService);
private cacheService = inject(CacheService);
// Simplified API for components
readonly data$ = this.stateService.data;
readonly loading$ = this.stateService.loading;
// Complex operation simplified
loadData(): Observable<DataModel[]> {
this.stateService.setLoading(true);
return this.dataService.getAll().pipe(
tap(data => {
this.stateService.setData(data);
this.cacheService.set('data', data);
this.stateService.setLoading(false);
}),
catchError(error => {
this.stateService.setError(error.message);
this.stateService.setLoading(false);
return throwError(() => error);
})
);
}
// Orchestrate multiple services
initialize(): Observable<any> {
return forkJoin({
config: this.dataService.getConfig(),
user: this.dataService.getUser(),
permissions: this.dataService.getPermissions()
}).pipe(
tap(({ config, user, permissions }) => {
this.stateService.setConfig(config);
this.stateService.setUser(user);
this.stateService.setPermissions(permissions);
})
);
}
}
```
### Utility Service Template
```typescript
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class UtilityService {
// Date utilities
formatDate(date: Date | string): string {
return new Date(date).toLocaleDateString('en-US');
}
// String utilities
capitalize(str: string): string {
return str.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + str.slice(1);
}
slugify(str: string): string {
return str
.toLowerCase()
.replace(/[^\w\s-]/g, '')
.replace(/[\s_-]+/g, '-')
.replace(/^-+|-+$/g, '');
}
// Array utilities
groupBy<T>(array: T[], key: keyof T): Record<string, T[]> {
return array.reduce((result, item) => {
const groupKey = String(item[key]);
if (!result[groupKey]) {
result[groupKey] = [];
}
result[groupKey].push(item);
return result;
}, {} as Record<string, T[]>);
}
// Number utilities
formatCurrency(amount: number, currency = 'USD'): string {
return new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US', {
style: 'currency',
currency
}).format(amount);
}
// Validation utilities
isValidEmail(email: string): boolean {
const regex = /^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$/;
return regex.test(email);
}
}
```
## Service with Caching
```typescript
import { Injectable, inject } from '@angular/core';
import { Observable, of, timer } from 'rxjs';
import { tap, switchMap, shareReplay } from 'rxjs/operators';
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class CachedDataService {
private http = inject(HttpClient);
private cache = new Map<string, { data: any; timestamp: number }>();
private TTL = 5 * 60 * 1000; // 5 minutes
getData(key: string, forceRefresh = false): Observable<DataModel[]> {
const cached = this.cache.get(key);
// Return cached if valid
if (!forceRefresh && cached && Date.now() - cached.timestamp < this.TTL) {
return of(cached.data);
}
// Fetch fresh data
return this.http.get<DataModel[]>(`/api/${key}`).pipe(
tap(data => {
this.cache.set(key, {
data,
timestamp: Date.now()
});
}),
shareReplay(1)
);
}
invalidateCache(key?: string) {
if (key) {
this.cache.delete(key);
} else {
this.cache.clear();
}
}
}
```
## Test Template
```typescript
import { TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
import { HttpClientTestingModule, HttpTestingController } from '@angular/common/http/testing';
import { DataService } from './data.service';
describe('DataService', () => {
let service: DataService;
let httpMock: HttpTestingController;
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [HttpClientTestingModule],
providers: [DataService]
});
service = TestBed.inject(DataService);
httpMock = TestBed.inject(HttpTestingController);
});
afterEach(() => {
httpMock.verify();
});
it('should fetch data', () => {
const mockData = [{ id: '1', name: 'Test' }];
service.getAll().subscribe(data => {
expect(data).toEqual(mockData);
});
const req = httpMock.expectOne(`${service['baseUrl']}`);
expect(req.request.method).toBe('GET');
req.flush(mockData);
});
});
```
## Best Practices
1. **Use `providedIn: 'root'`** for singleton services
2. **Inject dependencies with `inject()`** function
3. **Handle errors properly** with catchError
4. **Add retry logic** for network requests
5. **Cache responses** when appropriate
6. **Use interfaces** for data models
7. **Add JSDoc comments** for complex methods
8. **Write tests** for all public methods
9. **Use environment variables** for URLs
10. **Use HttpParams** for query parameters
## Usage
```bash
/angular-development:create-service
# Natural language
"Create a data service for products with CRUD operations"
"Generate a state service for shopping cart"
```

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# RxJS Operators for Angular
**Purpose:** Essential RxJS operators every Angular developer should master
**Level:** Intermediate to Advanced
**Version:** RxJS 7+
---
## Core Concepts
**Operators** are functions that enable composing asynchronous operations with observables. They transform, filter, combine, and manage observable streams.
**Key Principles:**
- Operators are **pure functions**
- They **don't modify** the source observable
- They **return a new** observable
- They can be **chained** together
---
## Category 1: Transformation Operators
### map
**Purpose:** Transform each value emitted
```typescript
import { of } from 'rxjs';
import { map } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Example 1: Simple transformation
of(1, 2, 3).pipe(
map(x => x * 10)
).subscribe(console.log);
// Output: 10, 20, 30
// Example 2: Object transformation
interface User { id: number; name: string; }
interface UserDisplay { id: number; displayName: string; }
this.users$.pipe(
map((users: User[]) => users.map(u => ({
id: u.id,
displayName: u.name.toUpperCase()
})))
);
```
### switchMap
**Purpose:** Switch to a new observable, canceling previous
**Use when:** Making HTTP requests based on user input
```typescript
import { switchMap } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Search as user types
this.searchTerm$.pipe(
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => this.http.get(`/api/search?q=${term}`))
).subscribe(results => console.log(results));
// Load user details when ID changes
this.userId$.pipe(
switchMap(id => this.http.get(`/api/users/${id}`))
).subscribe(user => this.user.set(user));
```
**Why switchMap?** Automatically cancels previous HTTP request if new search term arrives.
### mergeMap (flatMap)
**Purpose:** Merge all inner observables
**Use when:** You want all requests to complete, not cancel previous
```typescript
import { mergeMap } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Send analytics for each click (don't cancel)
this.clicks$.pipe(
mergeMap(event => this.analytics.track(event))
).subscribe();
// Process multiple files in parallel
this.files$.pipe(
mergeMap(file => this.uploadFile(file))
).subscribe(result => console.log('Uploaded:', result));
```
### concatMap
**Purpose:** Process observables in order, wait for each to complete
**Use when:** Order matters (e.g., sequential API calls)
```typescript
import { concatMap } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Process queue in order
this.queue$.pipe(
concatMap(task => this.processTask(task))
).subscribe(result => console.log('Processed:', result));
// Sequential API calls
this.users$.pipe(
concatMap(user => this.http.post('/api/users', user))
).subscribe();
```
### exhaustMap
**Purpose:** Ignore new values while current is processing
**Use when:** Prevent duplicate submissions
```typescript
import { exhaustMap } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Prevent double-click on submit button
this.submitClick$.pipe(
exhaustMap(() => this.http.post('/api/form', this.formData))
).subscribe();
// Login button (ignore clicks while logging in)
this.loginAttempt$.pipe(
exhaustMap(credentials => this.auth.login(credentials))
).subscribe();
```
---
## Category 2: Filtering Operators
### filter
**Purpose:** Emit only values that pass a condition
```typescript
import { filter } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Only even numbers
of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).pipe(
filter(x => x % 2 === 0)
).subscribe(console.log);
// Output: 2, 4
// Only non-null users
this.user$.pipe(
filter(user => user !== null)
).subscribe(user => console.log(user.name));
// Only valid emails
this.emailInput$.pipe(
filter(email => this.isValidEmail(email))
).subscribe(email => this.checkAvailability(email));
```
### debounceTime
**Purpose:** Wait for silence before emitting
**Use when:** Search input, window resize
```typescript
import { debounceTime } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Wait 300ms after user stops typing
this.searchInput$.pipe(
debounceTime(300),
switchMap(term => this.search(term))
).subscribe(results => this.results.set(results));
// Window resize handler
fromEvent(window, 'resize').pipe(
debounceTime(200)
).subscribe(() => this.handleResize());
```
### throttleTime
**Purpose:** Emit first value, then ignore for duration
**Use when:** Scroll events, rapid clicks
```typescript
import { throttleTime } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Handle scroll at most once per 100ms
fromEvent(window, 'scroll').pipe(
throttleTime(100)
).subscribe(() => this.checkScrollPosition());
// Rate-limit button clicks
this.buttonClick$.pipe(
throttleTime(1000)
).subscribe(() => this.handleClick());
```
### distinctUntilChanged
**Purpose:** Only emit when value changes
```typescript
import { distinctUntilChanged } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Only emit when search term actually changes
this.searchInput$.pipe(
distinctUntilChanged(),
switchMap(term => this.search(term))
).subscribe();
// Only emit when user ID changes
this.userId$.pipe(
distinctUntilChanged(),
switchMap(id => this.loadUser(id))
).subscribe();
```
### take / takeUntil
**Purpose:** Take specific number or until condition
```typescript
import { take, takeUntil } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Take first 5 values
this.stream$.pipe(
take(5)
).subscribe();
// Take until component destroyed
private destroy$ = new Subject<void>();
this.data$.pipe(
takeUntil(this.destroy$)
).subscribe(data => console.log(data));
ngOnDestroy() {
this.destroy$.next();
this.destroy$.complete();
}
// Modern approach with takeUntilDestroyed
import { takeUntilDestroyed } from '@angular/core/rxjs-interop';
this.data$.pipe(
takeUntilDestroyed()
).subscribe(data => console.log(data));
```
---
## Category 3: Combination Operators
### combineLatest
**Purpose:** Emit when ANY source emits (after all emit at least once)
**Use when:** Combining multiple form fields, filters
```typescript
import { combineLatest } from 'rxjs';
// Wait for both user and settings to load
combineLatest([
this.user$,
this.settings$
]).pipe(
map(([user, settings]) => ({ user, settings }))
).subscribe(data => console.log(data));
// Combine multiple filters
combineLatest([
this.searchTerm$,
this.category$,
this.priceRange$
]).pipe(
map(([search, category, price]) => ({
search, category, price
})),
switchMap(filters => this.fetchProducts(filters))
).subscribe(products => this.products.set(products));
```
### forkJoin
**Purpose:** Emit when ALL sources complete (like Promise.all)
**Use when:** Loading multiple independent resources
```typescript
import { forkJoin } from 'rxjs';
// Load multiple resources on init
forkJoin({
user: this.http.get('/api/user'),
config: this.http.get('/api/config'),
permissions: this.http.get('/api/permissions')
}).subscribe(({ user, config, permissions }) => {
this.initialize(user, config, permissions);
});
// Parallel API calls
forkJoin([
this.http.get('/api/products'),
this.http.get('/api/categories'),
this.http.get('/api/brands')
]).subscribe(([products, categories, brands]) => {
// All loaded
});
```
### merge
**Purpose:** Emit from any source as soon as it emits
**Use when:** Combining event streams
```typescript
import { merge } from 'rxjs';
// Combine multiple event sources
merge(
this.clicks$,
this.hovers$,
this.focuses$
).subscribe(event => this.trackEvent(event));
// Combine refresh triggers
merge(
this.manualRefresh$,
this.autoRefresh$,
this.dataChanged$
).pipe(
switchMap(() => this.loadData())
).subscribe();
```
### withLatestFrom
**Purpose:** Combine with latest value from other observables
**Use when:** Need secondary data with primary stream
```typescript
import { withLatestFrom } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Submit form with latest user data
this.submitButton$.pipe(
withLatestFrom(this.form$, this.user$),
map(([_, formData, user]) => ({ formData, user }))
).subscribe(({ formData, user }) => {
this.submit(formData, user);
});
// Apply filter with latest settings
this.searchTerm$.pipe(
withLatestFrom(this.filters$, this.sortOrder$),
switchMap(([term, filters, sort]) =>
this.search(term, filters, sort)
)
).subscribe();
```
---
## Category 4: Error Handling
### catchError
**Purpose:** Catch errors and return fallback observable
```typescript
import { catchError } from 'rxjs/operators';
import { of, EMPTY } from 'rxjs';
// Return empty array on error
this.http.get('/api/data').pipe(
catchError(error => {
console.error('Failed to load:', error);
return of([]); // Fallback value
})
).subscribe(data => console.log(data));
// Return empty observable (complete immediately)
this.http.get('/api/data').pipe(
catchError(() => EMPTY)
).subscribe();
// Re-throw after logging
this.http.get('/api/data').pipe(
catchError(error => {
console.error(error);
return throwError(() => error);
})
).subscribe();
```
### retry
**Purpose:** Retry failed observable
```typescript
import { retry } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Retry 3 times on failure
this.http.get('/api/data').pipe(
retry(3),
catchError(error => {
console.error('Failed after 3 retries');
return of([]);
})
).subscribe();
// Retry with delay (RxJS 7+)
import { retry } from 'rxjs/operators';
this.http.get('/api/data').pipe(
retry({
count: 3,
delay: 1000 // Wait 1s between retries
})
).subscribe();
```
---
## Category 5: Utility Operators
### tap
**Purpose:** Perform side effects without modifying stream
```typescript
import { tap } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Log for debugging
this.http.get('/api/data').pipe(
tap(data => console.log('Received:', data)),
map(data => data.items),
tap(items => console.log('Mapped:', items))
).subscribe();
// Track analytics
this.searchTerm$.pipe(
tap(term => this.analytics.track('search', { term })),
switchMap(term => this.search(term))
).subscribe();
// Update loading state
this.loadData().pipe(
tap(() => this.loading.set(true)),
finalize(() => this.loading.set(false))
).subscribe();
```
### shareReplay
**Purpose:** Share observable and replay values to new subscribers
```typescript
import { shareReplay } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Cache HTTP request
private config$ = this.http.get('/api/config').pipe(
shareReplay(1) // Cache last value
);
// Multiple subscribers get same value
this.config$.subscribe(config => console.log('Sub 1:', config));
this.config$.subscribe(config => console.log('Sub 2:', config));
// Only one HTTP request made!
```
### finalize
**Purpose:** Execute code when observable completes or errors
```typescript
import { finalize } from 'rxjs/operators';
// Always hide loading spinner
this.loadData().pipe(
tap(() => this.loading.set(true)),
finalize(() => this.loading.set(false))
).subscribe({
next: data => console.log(data),
error: err => console.error(err)
// loading.set(false) runs regardless
});
```
---
## Common Patterns
### Pattern 1: Search with Debounce
```typescript
this.searchControl.valueChanges.pipe(
debounceTime(300),
distinctUntilChanged(),
switchMap(term => this.http.get(`/api/search?q=${term}`)),
catchError(() => of([]))
).subscribe(results => this.results.set(results));
```
### Pattern 2: Auto-Save
```typescript
this.form.valueChanges.pipe(
debounceTime(2000),
distinctUntilChanged(),
tap(() => this.saving.set(true)),
switchMap(value => this.http.put('/api/save', value)),
finalize(() => this.saving.set(false))
).subscribe();
```
### Pattern 3: Polling
```typescript
import { interval, switchMap } from 'rxjs';
interval(5000).pipe(
switchMap(() => this.http.get('/api/status')),
catchError(() => of(null))
).subscribe(status => this.status.set(status));
```
### Pattern 4: Type-ahead with Minimum Length
```typescript
this.searchInput$.pipe(
debounceTime(300),
distinctUntilChanged(),
filter(term => term.length >= 3),
switchMap(term => this.search(term)),
catchError(() => of([]))
).subscribe(results => this.results.set(results));
```
---
## Decision Tree
**Need to transform values?**`map`
**Need to switch to new observable?**`switchMap`
**Need to wait for all to complete?**`forkJoin`
**Need to combine latest values?**`combineLatest`
**Need to filter values?**`filter`
**Need to handle errors?**`catchError`
**Need to retry?**`retry`
**Need to share result?**`shareReplay`
**Need to debounce?**`debounceTime`
**Need to throttle?**`throttleTime`
---
## Best Practices
1. **Always unsubscribe** - Use `takeUntilDestroyed()` or `async` pipe
2. **Prefer `async` pipe** over manual subscriptions
3. **Use `switchMap`** for dependent HTTP requests
4. **Use `forkJoin`** for parallel independent requests
5. **Add error handling** with `catchError`
6. **Cache with `shareReplay`** for expensive operations
7. **Debounce user input** with `debounceTime`
8. **Log with `tap`** for debugging
---
## Common Mistakes
**❌ Memory leaks:**
```typescript
// Bad - no unsubscribe
this.data$.subscribe(data => console.log(data));
```
**✅ Fixed:**
```typescript
// Good - auto unsubscribe
this.data$.pipe(
takeUntilDestroyed()
).subscribe(data => console.log(data));
// Or use async pipe
template: `{{ data$ | async }}`
```
**❌ Nested subscriptions:**
```typescript
// Bad - pyramid of doom
this.users$.subscribe(users => {
this.http.get('/api/settings').subscribe(settings => {
// ...
});
});
```
**✅ Fixed:**
```typescript
// Good - use switchMap
this.users$.pipe(
switchMap(users => this.http.get('/api/settings').pipe(
map(settings => ({ users, settings }))
))
).subscribe(({ users, settings }) => {
// ...
});
```
---
## Summary
Master these operators:
- **Transformation**: `map`, `switchMap`, `mergeMap`
- **Filtering**: `filter`, `debounceTime`, `distinctUntilChanged`
- **Combination**: `combineLatest`, `forkJoin`, `withLatestFrom`
- **Error Handling**: `catchError`, `retry`
- **Utility**: `tap`, `shareReplay`, `take`, `takeUntil`
**Key Takeaway:** Choose the right operator for the job. `switchMap` for search, `forkJoin` for parallel loads, `combineLatest` for combining streams.

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# Angular Signals Patterns
**Version:** Angular 16+
**Status:** Stable (Developer Preview in 16, Stable in 17+)
**Purpose:** Modern reactive state management without Zone.js overhead
---
## Core Concept
**Signals** are Angular's modern approach to reactive state management. Unlike observables, signals are synchronous, glitch-free, and optimized for change detection.
**Key Benefits:**
- ✅ Simpler mental model than RxJS
- ✅ Better performance (no Zone.js overhead)
- ✅ Fine-grained reactivity
- ✅ Type-safe
- ✅ Works seamlessly with OnPush change detection
---
## Signal Basics
### Creating Signals
```typescript
import { signal, computed, effect } from '@angular/core';
// Writable signal
const count = signal(0); // number signal
const name = signal('John'); // string signal
const user = signal<User | null>(null); // object signal with null
// Read value (call as function)
console.log(count()); // 0
console.log(name()); // "John"
// Write value
count.set(5); // Set to exact value
name.set('Jane');
// Update value (based on current)
count.update(n => n + 1); // Increment
```
### Computed Signals
Computed signals automatically recalculate when dependencies change:
```typescript
const count = signal(0);
// Derived value
const double = computed(() => count() * 2);
const isEven = computed(() => count() % 2 === 0);
const message = computed(() =>
`Count is ${count()} and ${isEven() ? 'even' : 'odd'}`
);
console.log(double()); // 0
console.log(message()); // "Count is 0 and even"
count.set(3);
console.log(double()); // 6
console.log(message()); // "Count is 3 and odd"
```
### Effects
Effects run side effects when signals change:
```typescript
import { effect } from '@angular/core';
const count = signal(0);
// Effect runs when count changes
effect(() => {
console.log(`Count changed to: ${count()}`);
localStorage.setItem('count', count().toString());
});
count.set(5); // Logs: "Count changed to: 5"
```
---
## Pattern 1: Component State
### Basic Component State
```typescript
import { Component, signal, computed } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-todo-list',
standalone: true,
template: `
<input
[value]="newTodo()"
(input)="newTodo.set($any($event.target).value)"
/>
<button (click)="addTodo()">Add</button>
<p>Total: {{ total() }} | Active: {{ active() }} | Completed: {{ completed() }}</p>
@for (todo of todos(); track todo.id) {
<div>
<input
type="checkbox"
[checked]="todo.completed"
(change)="toggle(todo.id)"
/>
<span [class.line-through]="todo.completed">
{{ todo.text }}
</span>
<button (click)="remove(todo.id)">×</button>
</div>
}
`
})
export class TodoListComponent {
// State
todos = signal<Todo[]>([]);
newTodo = signal('');
// Computed
total = computed(() => this.todos().length);
active = computed(() => this.todos().filter(t => !t.completed).length);
completed = computed(() => this.todos().filter(t => t.completed).length);
addTodo() {
if (this.newTodo().trim()) {
this.todos.update(todos => [
...todos,
{
id: Date.now().toString(),
text: this.newTodo(),
completed: false
}
]);
this.newTodo.set('');
}
}
toggle(id: string) {
this.todos.update(todos =>
todos.map(t => t.id === id ? { ...t, completed: !t.completed } : t)
);
}
remove(id: string) {
this.todos.update(todos => todos.filter(t => t.id !== id));
}
}
```
---
## Pattern 2: Derived State
### Computed from Multiple Signals
```typescript
@Component({...})
export class ShoppingCartComponent {
items = signal<CartItem[]>([]);
taxRate = signal(0.08);
shippingCost = signal(5.99);
// Computed from items
subtotal = computed(() =>
this.items().reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price * item.quantity, 0)
);
// Computed from subtotal and taxRate
tax = computed(() => this.subtotal() * this.taxRate());
// Computed from multiple signals
total = computed(() =>
this.subtotal() + this.tax() + this.shippingCost()
);
// Computed boolean
hasItems = computed(() => this.items().length > 0);
canCheckout = computed(() =>
this.hasItems() && this.total() > 0
);
}
```
---
## Pattern 3: Signal Arrays
### Immutable Array Updates
```typescript
@Component({...})
export class ListComponent {
items = signal<Item[]>([]);
// Add item
addItem(item: Item) {
this.items.update(current => [...current, item]);
}
// Remove item
removeItem(id: string) {
this.items.update(current => current.filter(item => item.id !== id));
}
// Update item
updateItem(id: string, updates: Partial<Item>) {
this.items.update(current =>
current.map(item =>
item.id === id ? { ...item, ...updates } : item
)
);
}
// Sort items
sortBy(key: keyof Item) {
this.items.update(current =>
[...current].sort((a, b) => a[key] > b[key] ? 1 : -1)
);
}
// Filter items
filteredItems = computed(() =>
this.items().filter(item => item.active)
);
}
```
---
## Pattern 4: Signal Objects
### Nested Object Updates
```typescript
interface User {
id: string;
name: string;
email: string;
preferences: {
theme: 'light' | 'dark';
language: string;
};
}
@Component({...})
export class UserProfileComponent {
user = signal<User>({
id: '1',
name: 'John',
email: 'john@example.com',
preferences: {
theme: 'light',
language: 'en'
}
});
// Update top-level property
updateName(name: string) {
this.user.update(u => ({ ...u, name }));
}
// Update nested property
updateTheme(theme: 'light' | 'dark') {
this.user.update(u => ({
...u,
preferences: {
...u.preferences,
theme
}
}));
}
// Computed from nested property
isDarkMode = computed(() => this.user().preferences.theme === 'dark');
}
```
---
## Pattern 5: Loading States
### Common Loading Pattern
```typescript
interface LoadingState<T> {
loading: boolean;
data: T | null;
error: string | null;
}
@Component({...})
export class DataComponent {
private http = inject(HttpClient);
state = signal<LoadingState<Product[]>>({
loading: false,
data: null,
error: null
});
// Computed
isLoading = computed(() => this.state().loading);
hasError = computed(() => this.state().error !== null);
hasData = computed(() => this.state().data !== null);
products = computed(() => this.state().data ?? []);
loadData() {
this.state.update(s => ({ ...s, loading: true, error: null }));
this.http.get<Product[]>('/api/products').subscribe({
next: data => this.state.set({ loading: false, data, error: null }),
error: err => this.state.set({ loading: false, data: null, error: err.message })
});
}
}
```
---
## Pattern 6: Form State
### Signal-Based Form
```typescript
@Component({
selector: 'app-signup-form',
template: `
<form (submit)="handleSubmit($event)">
<input
type="email"
[value]="email()"
(input)="email.set($any($event.target).value)"
[class.invalid]="emailError()"
/>
@if (emailError()) {
<span class="error">{{ emailError() }}</span>
}
<input
type="password"
[value]="password()"
(input)="password.set($any($event.target).value)"
/>
<button [disabled]="!isValid()">Sign Up</button>
</form>
`
})
export class SignupFormComponent {
// Form fields
email = signal('');
password = signal('');
// Validation
emailError = computed(() => {
const value = this.email();
if (!value) return 'Email is required';
if (!/^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/.test(value)) {
return 'Invalid email format';
}
return null;
});
passwordError = computed(() => {
const value = this.password();
if (!value) return 'Password is required';
if (value.length < 8) return 'Minimum 8 characters';
return null;
});
isValid = computed(() =>
!this.emailError() && !this.passwordError()
);
handleSubmit(event: Event) {
event.preventDefault();
if (this.isValid()) {
console.log({ email: this.email(), password: this.password() });
}
}
}
```
---
## Pattern 7: Signal Effects
### Side Effects with Cleanup
```typescript
@Component({...})
export class AutoSaveComponent {
content = signal('');
constructor() {
// Auto-save effect
effect(() => {
const data = this.content();
if (data) {
const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
console.log('Auto-saving:', data);
this.save(data);
}, 1000);
// Cleanup function
return () => clearTimeout(timeoutId);
}
});
// Log changes
effect(() => {
console.log('Content length:', this.content().length);
});
}
save(data: string) {
localStorage.setItem('draft', data);
}
}
```
---
## Pattern 8: Signals with RxJS
### Converting Between Signals and Observables
```typescript
import { toSignal, toObservable } from '@angular/core/rxjs-interop';
import { interval } from 'rxjs';
@Component({...})
export class MixedComponent {
// Observable to Signal
private tick$ = interval(1000);
tick = toSignal(this.tick$, { initialValue: 0 });
// Signal to Observable
count = signal(0);
count$ = toObservable(this.count);
constructor() {
// Subscribe to signal as observable
this.count$.subscribe(value => {
console.log('Count changed:', value);
});
}
}
```
### Combining Signals with HTTP
```typescript
@Component({...})
export class UserComponent {
private http = inject(HttpClient);
userId = signal('123');
// Convert signal to observable, then fetch
user = toSignal(
toObservable(this.userId).pipe(
switchMap(id => this.http.get<User>(`/api/users/${id}`))
),
{ initialValue: null }
);
}
```
---
## Pattern 9: Global State with Signals
### Signal-Based Store
```typescript
// store.service.ts
import { Injectable, signal, computed } from '@angular/core';
export interface AppState {
user: User | null;
theme: 'light' | 'dark';
notifications: Notification[];
}
@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class Store {
// Private state
private state = signal<AppState>({
user: null,
theme: 'light',
notifications: []
});
// Public selectors
user = computed(() => this.state().user);
theme = computed(() => this.state().theme);
notifications = computed(() => this.state().notifications);
unreadCount = computed(() =>
this.state().notifications.filter(n => !n.read).length
);
// Actions
setUser(user: User | null) {
this.state.update(s => ({ ...s, user }));
}
toggleTheme() {
this.state.update(s => ({
...s,
theme: s.theme === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light'
}));
}
addNotification(notification: Notification) {
this.state.update(s => ({
...s,
notifications: [...s.notifications, notification]
}));
}
}
// Usage in component
@Component({...})
export class AppComponent {
private store = inject(Store);
user = this.store.user;
theme = this.store.theme;
unreadCount = this.store.unreadCount;
logout() {
this.store.setUser(null);
}
}
```
---
## Best Practices
### Do's ✅
1. **Use signals for synchronous state**
2. **Prefer computed over manual updates**
3. **Keep signals immutable** - always create new objects/arrays
4. **Use effects for side effects only**
5. **Combine with OnPush** change detection
6. **Use toSignal for observables** in components
### Don'ts ❌
1. **Don't mutate signal values directly**
```typescript
// ❌ Bad
items().push(newItem);
// ✅ Good
items.update(current => [...current, newItem]);
```
2. **Don't use effects for derived state**
```typescript
// ❌ Bad - Use computed instead
const count = signal(0);
const double = signal(0);
effect(() => double.set(count() * 2));
// ✅ Good
const double = computed(() => count() * 2);
```
3. **Don't create signals in loops**
4. **Don't read signals in constructors** (use ngOnInit or effects)
---
## Performance Tips
1. **Computed signals are cached** - only recalculate when dependencies change
2. **Signals trigger change detection only when value changes**
3. **Use OnPush** change detection with signals for best performance
4. **Signals are more efficient than observables** for synchronous state
---
## When to Use Signals vs RxJS
**Use Signals for:**
- Local component state
- Derived/computed values
- Form state
- UI state (loading, errors)
**Use RxJS for:**
- Asynchronous operations
- HTTP requests
- WebSocket streams
- Time-based operations (debounce, throttle)
- Complex async flows
**Use Both:**
- Convert observables to signals with `toSignal()`
- Convert signals to observables with `toObservable()`
---
## Summary
Signals provide:
- ✅ Simpler reactive state management
- ✅ Better performance
- ✅ Type safety
- ✅ Fine-grained reactivity
- ✅ Seamless integration with Angular
**Key Takeaway:** Signals are the future of Angular state management. Use them for synchronous state, computed values, and reactive UI updates.