# Complexity Metrics Methodology

This guide provides methodology for calculating and documenting code complexity metrics at the C4 Code level.

---

## Metrics Overview

| Metric | Description | Threshold |
|--------|-------------|-----------|
| Lines of Code (LOC) | Actual code lines | Warning: >30, Critical: >50 |
| Cyclomatic Complexity | Decision paths | Warning: >6, Critical: >10 |
| Cognitive Complexity | Mental effort | Warning: >10, Critical: >20 |
| Parameter Count | Function parameters | Warning: >3, Critical: >5 |
| Nesting Depth | Max nesting level | Warning: >3, Critical: >5 |

---

## Lines of Code (LOC)

### Definition
Count of actual code lines excluding:
- Blank lines
- Comments
- Import statements (debatable)

### Calculation

```typescript
// Example function - LOC = 8
function processOrder(order: Order): ProcessedOrder {
  const validated = validateOrder(order);  // 1
  if (!validated) {                        // 2
    throw new Error('Invalid order');      // 3
  }                                        // 4
  const enriched = enrichOrder(validated); // 5
  const processed = applyRules(enriched);  // 6
  logOrder(processed);                     // 7
  return processed;                        // 8
}
```

### Thresholds

| Range | Rating | Action |
|-------|--------|--------|
| 1-30 | Good | No action needed |
| 31-50 | Warning | Consider extracting methods |
| >50 | Critical | Must refactor |

---

## Cyclomatic Complexity

### Definition
Number of linearly independent paths through code. Calculated as:
- Start with 1
- Add 1 for each: `if`, `else if`, `case`, `for`, `while`, `do`, `catch`, `&&`, `||`, `?:`

### Calculation Example

```typescript
function processPayment(payment: Payment): Result {  // CC = 1 (base)
  if (payment.amount <= 0) {                         // CC = 2
    return { error: 'Invalid amount' };
  }

  if (payment.type === 'credit') {                   // CC = 3
    if (payment.amount > 10000) {                    // CC = 4
      return { error: 'Amount exceeds limit' };
    }
    return processCreditCard(payment);
  } else if (payment.type === 'debit') {             // CC = 5
    return processDebitCard(payment);
  } else if (payment.type === 'crypto') {            // CC = 6
    return processCrypto(payment);
  }

  return { error: 'Unknown payment type' };
}
// Total Cyclomatic Complexity = 6
```

### Decision Points

| Construct | Adds |
|-----------|------|
| `if` | +1 |
| `else if` | +1 |
| `case` (switch) | +1 per case |
| `for` | +1 |
| `while` | +1 |
| `do...while` | +1 |
| `catch` | +1 |
| `&&` | +1 |
| `||` | +1 |
| `?:` (ternary) | +1 |
| `?.` (optional chain) | +1 |
| `??` (nullish coalesce) | +1 |

### Thresholds

| Range | Rating | Interpretation |
|-------|--------|----------------|
| 1-6 | Good | Simple, easy to test |
| 7-10 | Warning | Moderate complexity |
| 11-20 | High | Difficult to test |
| >20 | Critical | Untestable, must refactor |

---

## Cognitive Complexity

### Definition
A metric that measures the mental effort required to understand code. Unlike cyclomatic complexity, it:
- Penalizes nesting
- Ignores shorthand structures
- Focuses on readability

### Calculation Rules

1. **Increment for each:**
   - `if`, `else if`, `else`
   - `switch`
   - `for`, `foreach`, `while`, `do`
   - `catch`
   - `break`/`continue` to label
   - Sequences of logical operators

2. **Nesting penalty:**
   - Add +1 for each level of nesting when incrementing

### Example

```typescript
function example(arr: number[], target: number): number {
  // Base: 0
  for (const item of arr) {              // +1 (increment)
    if (item === target) {               // +2 (increment + 1 nesting)
      return item;
    } else if (item > target) {          // +2 (increment + 1 nesting)
      if (item % 2 === 0) {              // +3 (increment + 2 nesting)
        return item * 2;
      }
    }
  }
  return -1;
}
// Total Cognitive Complexity = 8
```

### Thresholds

| Range | Rating | Action |
|-------|--------|--------|
| 0-10 | Good | Understandable |
| 11-20 | Warning | Getting complex |
| >20 | Critical | Hard to understand |

---

## Parameter Count

### Definition
Number of parameters a function accepts.

### Guidelines

| Count | Rating | Recommendation |
|-------|--------|----------------|
| 0-3 | Good | Ideal range |
| 4-5 | Warning | Consider parameter object |
| >5 | Critical | Use parameter object |

### Refactoring Example

```typescript
// Before: 6 parameters (Critical)
function createUser(
  name: string,
  email: string,
  age: number,
  address: string,
  phone: string,
  role: string
) { }

// After: 1 parameter object (Good)
interface CreateUserInput {
  name: string;
  email: string;
  age: number;
  address: string;
  phone: string;
  role: string;
}

function createUser(input: CreateUserInput) { }
```

---

## Nesting Depth

### Definition
Maximum depth of nested control structures.

### Calculation

```typescript
function process(data: Data): Result {
  if (data.valid) {                    // Depth 1
    for (const item of data.items) {   // Depth 2
      if (item.active) {               // Depth 3
        try {                          // Depth 4
          if (item.type === 'A') {     // Depth 5 (Critical!)
            // ...
          }
        } catch (e) {
          // ...
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}
// Maximum Nesting Depth = 5
```

### Thresholds

| Depth | Rating | Action |
|-------|--------|--------|
| 0-3 | Good | Easy to follow |
| 4-5 | Warning | Consider extracting |
| >5 | Critical | Must refactor |

### Refactoring Techniques

1. **Early returns (guard clauses)**
```typescript
// Before
function process(data) {
  if (data) {
    if (data.valid) {
      // actual logic
    }
  }
}

// After
function process(data) {
  if (!data) return;
  if (!data.valid) return;
  // actual logic
}
```

2. **Extract nested logic**
```typescript
// Before
for (const item of items) {
  if (item.active) {
    if (item.valid) {
      // complex logic
    }
  }
}

// After
function processItem(item) {
  if (!item.active || !item.valid) return;
  // complex logic
}

for (const item of items) {
  processItem(item);
}
```

---

## Metrics JSON Structure

```json
{
  "metrics": {
    "lines_of_code": 45,
    "cyclomatic_complexity": 8,
    "cognitive_complexity": 15,
    "parameter_count": 3,
    "nesting_depth": 4
  }
}
```

---

## Threshold Summary Table

| Metric | Good | Warning | Critical |
|--------|------|---------|----------|
| LOC | 1-30 | 31-50 | >50 |
| Cyclomatic | 1-6 | 7-10 | >10 |
| Cognitive | 0-10 | 11-20 | >20 |
| Parameters | 0-3 | 4-5 | >5 |
| Nesting | 0-3 | 4-5 | >5 |

---

## Observation Examples

### High Complexity Warning

```json
{
  "id": "obs-auth-service-complexity-01",
  "category": "complexity",
  "severity": "warning",
  "description": "Cyclomatic complexity of 8 exceeds recommended threshold of 6. Consider extracting authentication steps into separate methods.",
  "evidence": [
    {
      "location": "src/services/auth.ts:45-120",
      "type": "metric"
    }
  ],
  "tags": ["complexity", "refactoring-candidate"]
}
```

### Critical Nesting

```json
{
  "id": "obs-order-processor-nesting-01",
  "category": "complexity",
  "severity": "critical",
  "description": "Maximum nesting depth of 6 makes code difficult to understand. Extract nested logic into helper functions.",
  "evidence": [
    {
      "location": "src/services/order.ts:78-150",
      "type": "code",
      "snippet": "if (order.valid) { for (...) { if (...) { try { if (...) {"
    }
  ],
  "tags": ["nesting", "refactoring-required"]
}
```

---

## Best Practices

### ✅ DO:
- Calculate all five metrics for functions/methods
- Flag any metric exceeding warning threshold
- Provide specific refactoring suggestions
- Include evidence with line numbers

### ❌ DON'T:
- Skip metrics for simple functions
- Ignore nesting depth
- Accept critical thresholds without observation
- Forget to suggest refactoring approaches