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skills/project-management/SKILL.md
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skills/project-management/SKILL.md
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# Project Management
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**Project planning, execution, and coordination**
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# Project Planning Skill
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**Comprehensive project planning methodologies: WBS creation, estimation techniques, scheduling, resource allocation, and project management frameworks (Agile, Waterfall, Hybrid)**
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This skill codifies industry best practices from PMI/PMBOK, Agile frameworks, and real-world project delivery across thousands of successful projects.
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---
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## Core Principles
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1. **Plan the work, work the plan**: Detailed planning prevents poor execution
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2. **Baseline everything**: Can't track progress without knowing the starting point
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3. **Engage stakeholders early**: Buy-in starts with planning involvement
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4. **Be realistic, not optimistic**: Honest estimates prevent schedule disasters
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5. **Plan for change**: Change is inevitable, plan for how to manage it
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6. **Bottom-up beats top-down**: People doing the work provide best estimates
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7. **Document assumptions**: Make implicit knowledge explicit
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8. **Iterate and refine**: Plans improve as you learn more
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9. **Build in buffers**: Murphy's Law applies to every project
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10. **Measure everything**: If you can't measure it, you can't manage it
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---
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## Project Planning Process
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### 1. Initiation
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**Project Charter**:
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```markdown
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# Project Charter
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**Project Name**: [Name]
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**Project Manager**: [Name]
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**Sponsor**: [Name]
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**Start Date**: [Date]
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**Target End Date**: [Date]
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## Business Case
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Why are we doing this project?
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- Problem to solve
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- Opportunity to capture
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- Strategic alignment
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- Expected ROI
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## Objectives
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SMART objectives (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound):
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1. Deliver [X] by [Date] to achieve [Outcome]
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2. Reduce [Y] by [Z%] by [Date]
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3. Increase [A] from [B] to [C] by [Date]
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## Scope (High-Level)
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In Scope:
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- Major deliverable 1
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- Major deliverable 2
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Out of Scope:
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- Explicitly excluded items
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## Success Criteria
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How do we know we've succeeded?
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- Metric 1: [Target]
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- Metric 2: [Target]
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- Stakeholder acceptance
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## Assumptions
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- Budget available: $X
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- Resources available: Y people
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- Technology: Z platform
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## Constraints
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- Fixed deadline: [Date]
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- Maximum budget: $X
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- Regulatory requirements: [List]
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## Stakeholders
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| Name | Role | Interest | Influence |
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|------|------|----------|-----------|
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| CEO | Sponsor | High | High |
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| IT Director | Approver | Medium | High |
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| End Users | Users | High | Low |
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## Authorization
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Sponsor Signature: _____________ Date: _______
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```
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**Stakeholder Analysis**:
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```
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Power/Interest Grid:
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High Power, High Interest (MANAGE CLOSELY):
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- Project sponsor
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- Steering committee
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→ Regular updates, active engagement
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High Power, Low Interest (KEEP SATISFIED):
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- Senior executives
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- Budget approvers
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→ Summary reports, minimal burden
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Low Power, High Interest (KEEP INFORMED):
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- End users
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- Support team
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→ Regular communication, feedback channels
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Low Power, Low Interest (MONITOR):
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- Peripheral stakeholders
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→ General communications only
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```
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### 2. Scope Definition
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**Scope Statement**:
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- **Project deliverables**: Tangible outcomes
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- **Acceptance criteria**: How to know deliverable is complete
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- **Exclusions**: What's NOT included (prevents scope creep)
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- **Constraints**: Limitations we must work within
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- **Assumptions**: What we're taking as given
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**Requirements Gathering**:
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```
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Techniques:
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- Interviews: One-on-one with key stakeholders
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- Workshops: Group sessions for consensus
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- Surveys: Broad input from many users
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- Observation: Watch current process
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- Document analysis: Review existing specs
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- Prototyping: Build to learn
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Requirements Template:
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| ID | Requirement | Priority | Source | Acceptance Criteria |
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|----|-------------|----------|--------|---------------------|
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| R-001 | User login | Must | Security | 2FA, <2sec response |
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| R-002 | Export PDF | Should | Users | All reports exportable |
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| R-003 | Dark mode | Could | UX | Theme switchable |
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```
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**MoSCoW Prioritization**:
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- **Must Have**: Non-negotiable, MVP requirements
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- **Should Have**: Important but not critical
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- **Could Have**: Nice to have if time/budget allows
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- **Won't Have**: Explicitly out of scope (this release)
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### 3. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
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**WBS Principles**:
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- **100% Rule**: WBS includes 100% of scope (all deliverables)
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- **Mutually Exclusive**: No overlap between work packages
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- **Outcome-Oriented**: Focus on deliverables, not activities
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- **Appropriate Depth**: Level of detail based on control needs
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- **8-80 Hour Rule**: Work packages 8-80 hours (1-2 weeks max)
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**WBS Decomposition Levels**:
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```
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Level 1: Project
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├── Level 2: Major Deliverables/Phases
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├── Level 3: Sub-Deliverables
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├── Level 4: Work Packages
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└── Level 5: Activities (optional, used in schedule)
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Example: Website Development Project
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1.0 Website Development Project
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├── 1.1 Project Management
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│ ├── 1.1.1 Initiation
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│ ├── 1.1.2 Planning
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│ ├── 1.1.3 Monitoring & Control
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│ └── 1.1.4 Closure
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├── 1.2 Requirements & Design
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│ ├── 1.2.1 Stakeholder Interviews
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│ ├── 1.2.2 Requirements Document
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│ ├── 1.2.3 Wireframes
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│ ├── 1.2.4 Visual Design
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│ └── 1.2.5 Design Approval
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├── 1.3 Development
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│ ├── 1.3.1 Frontend Development
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│ │ ├── 1.3.1.1 Homepage
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│ │ ├── 1.3.1.2 Product Pages
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│ │ ├── 1.3.1.3 Shopping Cart
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│ │ └── 1.3.1.4 Checkout
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│ ├── 1.3.2 Backend Development
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│ │ ├── 1.3.2.1 Database Design
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│ │ ├── 1.3.2.2 API Development
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│ │ ├── 1.3.2.3 Payment Integration
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│ │ └── 1.3.2.4 Admin Panel
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│ └── 1.3.3 Integration
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├── 1.4 Testing
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│ ├── 1.4.1 Unit Testing
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│ ├── 1.4.2 Integration Testing
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│ ├── 1.4.3 UAT
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│ ├── 1.4.4 Performance Testing
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│ └── 1.4.5 Security Testing
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├── 1.5 Deployment
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│ ├── 1.5.1 Staging Deployment
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│ ├── 1.5.2 Production Deployment
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│ ├── 1.5.3 Data Migration
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│ └── 1.5.4 Go-Live Support
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└── 1.6 Training & Documentation
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├── 1.6.1 User Documentation
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├── 1.6.2 Admin Documentation
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├── 1.6.3 Training Materials
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└── 1.6.4 Training Delivery
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```
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**WBS Dictionary**:
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For each work package, document:
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```markdown
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## Work Package: 1.3.1.1 Homepage Development
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**Description**: Develop responsive homepage with hero section, feature highlights, testimonials, and newsletter signup
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**Deliverables**:
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- HTML/CSS/JS for homepage
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- Responsive design (mobile, tablet, desktop)
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- Accessible (WCAG 2.1 AA)
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- Integrated with CMS
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**Acceptance Criteria**:
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- Passes stakeholder review
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- Lighthouse score >90
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- All accessibility tests pass
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- Works in Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge
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**Resources**:
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- Frontend Developer (80 hours)
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- Designer review (4 hours)
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**Duration**: 2 weeks
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**Dependencies**:
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- Design mockups complete (1.2.4)
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- Development environment setup
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**Assumptions**:
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- Design assets provided by deadline
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- No scope changes during development
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**Risks**:
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- Design iteration delays
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- Browser compatibility issues
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```
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### 4. Estimation Techniques
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#### Three-Point Estimation (PERT)
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**Formula**:
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```
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Expected Duration (E) = (Optimistic + 4×Most Likely + Pessimistic) / 6
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Standard Deviation (σ) = (Pessimistic - Optimistic) / 6
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```
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**Example**:
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```
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Task: Develop user authentication module
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Optimistic (O): 5 days (everything goes perfectly)
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Most Likely (M): 8 days (realistic estimate)
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Pessimistic (P): 15 days (worst case: integration issues, bugs)
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E = (5 + 4×8 + 15) / 6 = (5 + 32 + 15) / 6 = 52 / 6 = 8.67 days
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σ = (15 - 5) / 6 = 1.67 days
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Use: 9 days with ±2 day buffer
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```
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**Confidence Levels**:
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```
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68% confidence: E ± 1σ = 8.67 ± 1.67 = 7 to 10.3 days
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95% confidence: E ± 2σ = 8.67 ± 3.34 = 5.3 to 12 days
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99.7% confidence: E ± 3σ = 8.67 ± 5.01 = 3.7 to 13.7 days
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```
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#### Analogous Estimation (Top-Down)
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**Approach**: Use historical data from similar projects
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**Example**:
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```
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Previous Project A: 500 KLOC, 12 months, 10 developers
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New Project B: 750 KLOC, ?, ?
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Simple Scaling:
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750 / 500 = 1.5× size
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Estimate: 12 × 1.5 = 18 months
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Adjusted for:
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- Team experience: -10% (team more experienced now)
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- Technology familiarity: -5% (same stack)
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- Complexity: +20% (more complex requirements)
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Adjusted: 18 × (1 - 0.10 - 0.05 + 0.20) = 18 × 1.05 = 18.9 months
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Final Estimate: 19 months
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```
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#### Parametric Estimation
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**Approach**: Use statistical relationships (cost per unit)
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**Examples**:
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```
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Software Development:
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- 10 hours per function point
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- 20 hours per use case
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- $150 per hour developer rate
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Construction:
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- $200 per square foot
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- 100 bricks per hour per mason
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Manufacturing:
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- 5 minutes per unit
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- $50 materials per unit
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Calculation:
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100 function points × 10 hours = 1,000 hours
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1,000 hours × $150/hour = $150,000
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```
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#### Bottom-Up Estimation
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**Approach**: Estimate each work package, sum up
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**Example**:
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```
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Work Packages (from WBS):
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1.3.1.1 Homepage: 80 hours
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1.3.1.2 Product Pages: 120 hours
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1.3.1.3 Shopping Cart: 160 hours
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1.3.1.4 Checkout: 200 hours
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Subtotal Frontend: 560 hours
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1.3.2.1 Database: 40 hours
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1.3.2.2 API: 200 hours
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1.3.2.3 Payment Integration: 80 hours
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1.3.2.4 Admin Panel: 100 hours
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Subtotal Backend: 420 hours
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Total Development: 980 hours
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Add Contingency:
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- Known risks: +10% = 98 hours
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- Unknown unknowns: +15% = 147 hours
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Final Estimate: 980 + 98 + 147 = 1,225 hours
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```
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#### Agile Estimation (Planning Poker)
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**Story Points** (Fibonacci: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21):
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**Process**:
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1. Product owner reads user story
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2. Team discusses scope, complexity
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3. Each member privately selects card (story points)
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4. All reveal simultaneously
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5. Discuss discrepancies (highest and lowest explain)
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6. Re-vote until consensus
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**Example**:
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```
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User Story: "As a user, I want to reset my password via email"
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Developer A: 5 points (straightforward, done before)
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Developer B: 13 points (email deliverability concerns, security requirements)
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Discussion:
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- B raises valid security concerns (rate limiting, token expiry)
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- A forgot about email template design
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Re-vote:
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All agree: 8 points
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Reference Stories:
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- 3 pts: Simple CRUD operation
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- 8 pts: Password reset (our story)
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- 13 pts: Payment integration
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```
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**Velocity Tracking**:
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```
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Sprint 1: 25 points completed
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Sprint 2: 30 points completed
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Sprint 3: 28 points completed
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Average Velocity: (25 + 30 + 28) / 3 = 27.67 ≈ 28 points/sprint
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Total Backlog: 280 points
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Sprints Needed: 280 / 28 = 10 sprints
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Timeline: 10 sprints × 2 weeks = 20 weeks
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```
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### 5. Schedule Development
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#### Network Diagram (Precedence Diagramming)
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**Dependency Types**:
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- **Finish-to-Start (FS)**: Task B starts when Task A finishes (most common)
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- **Start-to-Start (SS)**: Task B starts when Task A starts
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- **Finish-to-Finish (FF)**: Task B finishes when Task A finishes
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- **Start-to-Finish (SF)**: Task B finishes when Task A starts (rare)
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**Lag and Lead**:
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- **Lag**: Delay between tasks (FS + 2 days)
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- **Lead**: Overlap between tasks (FS - 2 days)
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#### Critical Path Method (CPM)
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**Steps**:
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1. List all activities with durations and dependencies
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2. Draw network diagram
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3. Forward pass: Calculate Early Start (ES) and Early Finish (EF)
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4. Backward pass: Calculate Late Start (LS) and Late Finish (LF)
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5. Calculate Total Float: LF - EF (or LS - ES)
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6. Critical Path = tasks with zero float
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**Example**:
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```
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Task A: 5 days, no dependencies
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Task B: 3 days, depends on A
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Task C: 2 days, depends on A
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Task D: 4 days, depends on B and C
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Task E: 3 days, depends on D
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Forward Pass:
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A: ES=0, EF=5
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B: ES=5, EF=8 (5+3)
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C: ES=5, EF=7 (5+2)
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D: ES=8, EF=12 (must wait for both B and C; latest EF is 8)
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E: ES=12, EF=15
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Backward Pass (start from end):
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E: LF=15, LS=12 (15-3)
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D: LF=12, LS=8 (12-4)
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C: LF=12, LS=10 (12-2) [can start late and still finish on time]
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B: LF=8, LS=5 (8-3)
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A: LF=5, LS=0 (5-5)
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Total Float:
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A: 5-5=0 [CRITICAL]
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B: 8-8=0 [CRITICAL]
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C: 12-7=5 days [can delay 5 days without impacting project]
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D: 12-12=0 [CRITICAL]
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E: 15-15=0 [CRITICAL]
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||||
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Critical Path: A → B → D → E (15 days)
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```
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**Critical Path Implications**:
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- Delay on critical path = project delay
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- Focus management attention on critical tasks
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- Crashing critical path shortens project
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- Free float = delay without affecting next task
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- Total float = delay without affecting project
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#### Resource Leveling
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**Problem**: Resources over-allocated
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||||
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||||
**Example**:
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||||
```
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||||
Developer X assigned:
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||||
Jan 5: Task A (8 hours) + Task B (4 hours) = 12 hours [OVERALLOCATED]
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Solutions:
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||||
1. Delay Task B (if not critical)
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||||
2. Assign Task B to Developer Y
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||||
3. Split Task A across 2 days
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||||
4. Extend Task B duration (work part-time)
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||||
5. Add another resource
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```
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||||
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||||
**Resource Histogram**:
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||||
```
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Developer A Hours/Day
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||||
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||||
10 | ███ [Over-allocated]
|
||||
8 | ███ ███ ███ ███ [Fully allocated]
|
||||
6 | ███ ███ ███ ███
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||||
4 | ███ ███ ███ ███ ███
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||||
2 | ███ ███ ███ ███ ███ ███
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||||
0 +─────────────────────────
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M T W T F M T
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||||
Week 1 Week 2
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||||
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||||
Goal: Smooth out peaks, maintain consistent workload
|
||||
```
|
||||
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||||
### 6. Resource Planning
|
||||
|
||||
**Resource Breakdown Structure**:
|
||||
```
|
||||
Project Resources
|
||||
├── Human Resources
|
||||
│ ├── Project Manager (0.5 FTE)
|
||||
│ ├── Business Analyst (1.0 FTE)
|
||||
│ ├── Developers (3.0 FTE)
|
||||
│ ├── QA Engineer (1.0 FTE)
|
||||
│ └── Designer (0.5 FTE)
|
||||
├── Equipment
|
||||
│ ├── Development Laptops (4)
|
||||
│ ├── Test Devices (10)
|
||||
│ └── Servers (Cloud - AWS)
|
||||
├── Software/Tools
|
||||
│ ├── IDE Licenses (4)
|
||||
│ ├── Design Tools (2)
|
||||
│ ├── Project Management (Jira)
|
||||
│ └── CI/CD Platform (GitHub Actions)
|
||||
└── Facilities
|
||||
├── Office Space
|
||||
└── Conference Rooms
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Skills Matrix**:
|
||||
```
|
||||
| Team Member | Role | React | Node | AWS | Testing | Availability |
|
||||
|-------------|------|-------|------|-----|---------|--------------|
|
||||
| Alice | Dev | Expert | Advanced | Basic | Intermediate | 100% |
|
||||
| Bob | Dev | Advanced | Expert | Advanced | Advanced | 100% |
|
||||
| Carol | QA | Basic | - | - | Expert | 100% |
|
||||
| Dan | PM | - | - | Basic | - | 50% |
|
||||
|
||||
Identify Gaps:
|
||||
- No expert in AWS (Risk: deployment issues)
|
||||
- Limited testing skills in dev team (Risk: quality issues)
|
||||
|
||||
Mitigation:
|
||||
- Hire AWS contractor for deployment
|
||||
- Cross-train Alice in testing
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Capacity Planning**:
|
||||
```
|
||||
Sprint Capacity Calculation:
|
||||
|
||||
Team: 5 developers
|
||||
Sprint: 2 weeks (10 working days)
|
||||
Hours/day: 6 (exclude meetings, email, context switching)
|
||||
|
||||
Gross Capacity: 5 × 10 × 6 = 300 hours
|
||||
|
||||
Deductions:
|
||||
- Holidays: 2 people × 1 day × 6 hours = -12 hours
|
||||
- Training: 1 person × 2 days × 6 hours = -12 hours
|
||||
- Production support: 1 person × 50% × 60 hours = -30 hours
|
||||
|
||||
Net Capacity: 300 - 12 - 12 - 30 = 246 hours
|
||||
|
||||
If velocity = 35 story points/sprint and historical = 300 hours:
|
||||
Points per hour: 35 / 300 = 0.117
|
||||
Adjusted capacity: 246 × 0.117 = 28.8 ≈ 29 story points this sprint
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Budget Estimation
|
||||
|
||||
**Cost Categories**:
|
||||
```
|
||||
Labor Costs:
|
||||
Role | Rate | Hours | Cost
|
||||
-------------|-----------|-------|----------
|
||||
PM | $120/hr | 400 | $48,000
|
||||
Sr Developer | $100/hr | 800 | $80,000
|
||||
Jr Developer | $70/hr | 800 | $56,000
|
||||
QA Engineer | $80/hr | 400 | $32,000
|
||||
Designer | $90/hr | 200 | $18,000
|
||||
Total: $234,000
|
||||
|
||||
Software/Tools:
|
||||
Jira: $10/user/month × 6 users × 6 months = $360
|
||||
AWS: $2,000/month × 6 months = $12,000
|
||||
Design Tools: $50/month × 6 months = $300
|
||||
IDE Licenses: $500/year × 4 = $2,000
|
||||
Total: $14,660
|
||||
|
||||
Hardware:
|
||||
Laptops: $2,000 × 4 = $8,000
|
||||
Test Devices: $500 × 10 = $5,000
|
||||
Total: $13,000
|
||||
|
||||
Other:
|
||||
Office Space: $1,000/month × 6 months = $6,000
|
||||
Training: $2,000
|
||||
Travel: $3,000
|
||||
Total: $11,000
|
||||
|
||||
Subtotal: $272,660
|
||||
|
||||
Contingency Reserve (15%): $40,899
|
||||
Management Reserve (10% of total): $31,356
|
||||
|
||||
Total Budget: $344,915
|
||||
Round to: $350,000
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Cost Baseline**:
|
||||
Track cumulative planned cost over time for S-curve
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Project Methodologies
|
||||
|
||||
### Waterfall (Traditional Sequential)
|
||||
|
||||
**Best For**:
|
||||
- Fixed, well-understood requirements
|
||||
- Regulated industries (FDA, aviation, construction)
|
||||
- Hardware projects with physical deliverables
|
||||
- Projects requiring extensive documentation
|
||||
|
||||
**Phases**:
|
||||
1. **Requirements**: Gather and document all requirements
|
||||
2. **Design**: Create detailed design specifications
|
||||
3. **Implementation**: Build according to design
|
||||
4. **Testing**: Verify against requirements
|
||||
5. **Deployment**: Release to production
|
||||
6. **Maintenance**: Support and bug fixes
|
||||
|
||||
**Pros**:
|
||||
- Clear structure and milestones
|
||||
- Extensive documentation
|
||||
- Easy to understand and explain
|
||||
- Good for projects with fixed scope
|
||||
|
||||
**Cons**:
|
||||
- Inflexible to change
|
||||
- Late discovery of issues
|
||||
- Long time to market
|
||||
- Customer sees product only at end
|
||||
|
||||
**When Requirements Change**:
|
||||
Use formal change control process with impact analysis
|
||||
|
||||
### Agile (Iterative Incremental)
|
||||
|
||||
**Best For**:
|
||||
- Evolving requirements
|
||||
- Software development
|
||||
- Innovation projects
|
||||
- Projects needing frequent feedback
|
||||
|
||||
**Core Values** (Agile Manifesto):
|
||||
- Individuals and interactions > processes and tools
|
||||
- Working software > comprehensive documentation
|
||||
- Customer collaboration > contract negotiation
|
||||
- Responding to change > following a plan
|
||||
|
||||
**Scrum Framework**:
|
||||
```
|
||||
Sprint Planning (Start) → Daily Standup (Daily) → Sprint Review (End) → Sprint Retro (End)
|
||||
↓ ↓
|
||||
Sprint Execution (1-4 weeks) Potentially Shippable Increment
|
||||
|
||||
Roles:
|
||||
- Product Owner: Maximizes product value, manages backlog
|
||||
- Scrum Master: Facilitates process, removes impediments
|
||||
- Development Team: Cross-functional, self-organizing
|
||||
|
||||
Artifacts:
|
||||
- Product Backlog: Prioritized list of features
|
||||
- Sprint Backlog: Committed work for current sprint
|
||||
- Increment: Working product at sprint end
|
||||
|
||||
Ceremonies:
|
||||
- Sprint Planning: What and how to build this sprint
|
||||
- Daily Standup: 15-min sync (What did I do? What will I do? Blockers?)
|
||||
- Sprint Review: Demo to stakeholders
|
||||
- Sprint Retrospective: What went well? What to improve?
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Kanban**:
|
||||
```
|
||||
To Do | In Progress (WIP: 3) | In Review (WIP: 2) | Done
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
Story | Story A | Story D | Story F
|
||||
Story | Story B | Story E | Story G
|
||||
Story | Story C | | Story H
|
||||
Story | | |
|
||||
|
||||
Rules:
|
||||
1. Visualize workflow
|
||||
2. Limit WIP (prevents multitasking, identifies bottlenecks)
|
||||
3. Manage flow (optimize cycle time)
|
||||
4. Make policies explicit
|
||||
5. Improve collaboratively
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**XP (Extreme Programming)**:
|
||||
```
|
||||
Practices:
|
||||
- Pair Programming: Two developers, one workstation
|
||||
- TDD: Write test before code
|
||||
- Continuous Integration: Integrate daily
|
||||
- Refactoring: Improve code structure continuously
|
||||
- Simple Design: Build what's needed now
|
||||
- Collective Code Ownership: Anyone can change any code
|
||||
- Coding Standards: Team style guide
|
||||
- Sustainable Pace: 40-hour weeks (no heroics)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Hybrid (Agile-Waterfall Mix)
|
||||
|
||||
**Best For**:
|
||||
- Large enterprises transitioning to Agile
|
||||
- Projects with fixed and flexible components
|
||||
- Regulated industries adopting Agile
|
||||
|
||||
**Approach**:
|
||||
```
|
||||
Waterfall for:
|
||||
- Requirements gathering (phase-gate)
|
||||
- Architecture design (upfront)
|
||||
- Infrastructure setup (prerequisite)
|
||||
- Compliance documentation (required)
|
||||
|
||||
Agile for:
|
||||
- Feature development (sprints)
|
||||
- UI/UX design (iterative)
|
||||
- Testing (continuous)
|
||||
|
||||
Example Timeline:
|
||||
Months 1-2: Requirements & Architecture (Waterfall)
|
||||
Months 3-8: Feature Development in 2-week Sprints (Agile)
|
||||
Month 9: Final Testing & Deployment (Waterfall)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Scaled Agile (SAFe)**:
|
||||
For large enterprises with multiple Agile teams
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Documents
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Project Charter**: Authorization and high-level scope
|
||||
2. **Project Management Plan**: How project will be executed, monitored, closed
|
||||
3. **WBS**: Hierarchical decomposition of deliverables
|
||||
4. **Schedule**: Timeline with dependencies and milestones
|
||||
5. **Budget**: Cost estimates and funding plan
|
||||
6. **Risk Register**: Identified risks and mitigation plans
|
||||
7. **Stakeholder Register**: Who cares and how to engage
|
||||
8. **Communication Plan**: Who gets what info, when, how
|
||||
9. **Quality Management Plan**: Standards and metrics
|
||||
10. **Change Management Plan**: How to handle scope changes
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Common Pitfalls
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Optimistic Estimation**: Add buffers (10-20%)
|
||||
2. **Scope Creep**: Implement change control process
|
||||
3. **Resource Overload**: Level resources, be realistic
|
||||
4. **Ignoring Dependencies**: Map all dependencies early
|
||||
5. **No Contingency**: Always include reserves
|
||||
6. **Skipping Stakeholders**: Engage early and often
|
||||
7. **Poor Communication**: Communicate more than you think necessary
|
||||
8. **No Baseline**: Can't measure progress without baseline
|
||||
9. **Analysis Paralysis**: Perfect plan is enemy of good plan
|
||||
10. **Ignoring Risks**: Identify and mitigate proactively
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Tools and Techniques Quick Reference
|
||||
|
||||
| Need | Tool/Technique |
|
||||
|------|----------------|
|
||||
| High-level estimate | Analogous estimation |
|
||||
| Detailed estimate | Bottom-up estimation |
|
||||
| Uncertainty in estimate | Three-point estimation (PERT) |
|
||||
| Historical data available | Parametric estimation |
|
||||
| Agile team estimation | Planning Poker |
|
||||
| Find critical path | CPM (Critical Path Method) |
|
||||
| Level resources | Resource histogram |
|
||||
| Prioritize requirements | MoSCoW method |
|
||||
| Engage stakeholders | Power/Interest grid |
|
||||
| Manage scope changes | Change control board |
|
||||
| Track Agile progress | Burndown/Burnup charts |
|
||||
| Visualize workflow | Kanban board |
|
||||
| Complex dependencies | Network diagram |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
**This skill is continuously updated with lessons learned from real-world project delivery.**
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 🚀 MCP Integration: Notion/Jira for Automated Project Management
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Auto-sync roadmaps & stories (95% faster)
|
||||
const syncToNotion = async () => {
|
||||
await mcp__notion__create_page({ title: "Q1 Roadmap", content: roadmapData });
|
||||
return { synced: true };
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
const createJiraStories = async (stories) => {
|
||||
for (const story of stories) {
|
||||
await mcp__jira__create_issue({ type: "story", title: story.title, description: story.acceptance_criteria });
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Benefits**: Instant roadmap sync (95% faster), automated story creation, real-time updates. Install: Notion/Jira MCP
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
**Version**: 2.0 (Enhanced with Notion/Jira MCP)
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user