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OWASP Top 10 2021 Mapping for Nuclei Findings

Table of Contents

A01:2021 - Broken Access Control

Nuclei Template Tags

  • exposure - Exposed sensitive files and directories
  • idor - Insecure Direct Object References
  • auth-bypass - Authentication bypass vulnerabilities
  • privilege-escalation - Privilege escalation issues

Common Findings

  • Exposed Admin Panels: /admin, /administrator, /wp-admin accessible without authentication
  • Directory Listing: Open directory listings exposing sensitive files
  • Backup Files Exposed: .bak, .sql, .zip files publicly accessible
  • Git/SVN Exposure: .git, .svn directories exposed
  • API Access Control: Missing authorization checks on API endpoints

Remediation Priority

Critical - Immediate action required for exposed admin panels and authentication bypasses

A02:2021 - Cryptographic Failures

Nuclei Template Tags

  • ssl - SSL/TLS configuration issues
  • weak-crypto - Weak cryptographic implementations
  • exposed-keys - Exposed cryptographic keys

Common Findings

  • Weak TLS Versions: TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1 still enabled
  • Weak Cipher Suites: RC4, DES, 3DES in use
  • Missing HSTS: HTTP Strict Transport Security not configured
  • Self-Signed Certificates: Invalid or self-signed SSL certificates
  • Exposed Private Keys: Private keys in public repositories or directories

Remediation Priority

High - Update to TLS 1.2+ and modern cipher suites

A03:2021 - Injection

Nuclei Template Tags

  • sqli - SQL Injection
  • xss - Cross-Site Scripting
  • xxe - XML External Entity
  • ssti - Server-Side Template Injection
  • nosqli - NoSQL Injection
  • cmdi - Command Injection

Common Findings

  • SQL Injection: User input reflected in database queries
  • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): Reflected, Stored, and DOM-based XSS
  • Command Injection: OS command execution via user input
  • LDAP Injection: LDAP query manipulation
  • Template Injection: Server-side template injection in Jinja2, Twig, etc.

Remediation Priority

Critical - SQL Injection and Command Injection require immediate remediation

A04:2021 - Insecure Design

Nuclei Template Tags

  • logic - Business logic flaws
  • workflow - Workflow bypass vulnerabilities

Common Findings

  • Rate Limiting Bypass: Missing rate limiting on authentication endpoints
  • Workflow Bypass: Steps in business processes can be skipped
  • Insufficient Resource Allocation: No limits on resource consumption
  • Unvalidated Redirects: Open redirect vulnerabilities

Remediation Priority

Medium to High - Depends on business impact and exploitability

A05:2021 - Security Misconfiguration

Nuclei Template Tags

  • misconfig - Generic misconfigurations
  • headers - Missing security headers
  • cors - CORS misconfigurations
  • debug - Debug modes enabled in production

Common Findings

  • Missing Security Headers:
    • Content-Security-Policy
    • X-Frame-Options
    • X-Content-Type-Options
    • Strict-Transport-Security
  • CORS Misconfiguration: Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
  • Debug Mode Enabled: Stack traces, verbose errors in production
  • Default Configurations: Unchanged default credentials and settings
  • Directory Indexing: Apache/Nginx directory listing enabled

Remediation Priority

Medium - Apply hardening configurations and remove debug modes

A06:2021 - Vulnerable and Outdated Components

Nuclei Template Tags

  • cve - Known CVE vulnerabilities
  • eol - End-of-life software
  • outdated - Outdated software versions

Common Findings

  • Known CVEs: Outdated libraries with public CVEs (Log4Shell, Spring4Shell, etc.)
  • End-of-Life Software: Unsupported versions of frameworks and libraries
  • Vulnerable JavaScript Libraries: jQuery, Angular, React with known vulnerabilities
  • CMS Vulnerabilities: WordPress, Drupal, Joomla plugin vulnerabilities

Remediation Priority

Critical to High - Patch immediately based on CVSS score and exploitability

Example CVE Mappings

CVE-2021-44228 (Log4Shell)         → Critical → A06
CVE-2022-22965 (Spring4Shell)      → Critical → A06
CVE-2017-5638 (Struts2 RCE)        → Critical → A06
CVE-2021-26855 (Exchange ProxyLogon) → Critical → A06

A07:2021 - Identification and Authentication Failures

Nuclei Template Tags

  • auth - Authentication issues
  • jwt - JWT vulnerabilities
  • oauth - OAuth misconfigurations
  • default-logins - Default credentials
  • session - Session management issues

Common Findings

  • Default Credentials: Admin/admin, root/root, default passwords
  • Weak Password Policies: No complexity requirements
  • Session Fixation: Session tokens not regenerated after login
  • JWT Vulnerabilities: alg=none bypass, weak signing keys
  • Missing MFA: No multi-factor authentication for privileged accounts
  • Predictable Session IDs: Sequential or easily guessable tokens

Remediation Priority

High - Change default credentials immediately, enforce strong password policies

A08:2021 - Software and Data Integrity Failures

Nuclei Template Tags

  • rce - Remote Code Execution
  • deserialization - Insecure deserialization
  • integrity - Integrity check failures

Common Findings

  • Insecure Deserialization: Unsafe object deserialization in Java, Python, PHP
  • Unsigned Updates: Software updates without signature verification
  • CI/CD Pipeline Compromise: Insufficient pipeline security controls
  • Dependency Confusion: Private packages replaced by public malicious packages

Remediation Priority

Critical - Insecure deserialization leading to RCE requires immediate action

A09:2021 - Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

Nuclei Template Tags

  • logging - Logging issues
  • monitoring - Monitoring gaps

Common Findings

  • Missing Audit Logs: Authentication failures, access control violations not logged
  • Insufficient Log Retention: Logs deleted too quickly for forensic analysis
  • No Alerting: No real-time alerts for suspicious activities
  • Log Injection: User input reflected in logs without sanitization

Remediation Priority

Low to Medium - Improve logging and monitoring infrastructure

A10:2021 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

Nuclei Template Tags

  • ssrf - SSRF vulnerabilities
  • redirect - Open redirect issues

Common Findings

  • SSRF via URL Parameters: User-controlled URLs fetched by server
  • Cloud Metadata Access: SSRF accessing AWS/GCP/Azure metadata endpoints
  • Internal Port Scanning: SSRF used to scan internal networks
  • Webhook Vulnerabilities: SSRF via webhook URLs

Remediation Priority

High to Critical - Especially if cloud metadata or internal services accessible

Severity Mapping Guide

Use this table to map Nuclei severity levels to OWASP categories:

Nuclei Severity OWASP Priority Action Required
Critical P0 - Immediate Patch within 24 hours
High P1 - Urgent Patch within 7 days
Medium P2 - Important Patch within 30 days
Low P3 - Normal Patch in next release cycle
Info P4 - Informational Document and track

Integration with Security Workflows

Finding Triage Process

  1. Critical/High Findings: Assign to security team immediately
  2. Verify Exploitability: Confirm with manual testing
  3. Map to OWASP: Use this guide to categorize findings
  4. Assign Remediation Owner: Development team or infrastructure team
  5. Track in JIRA/GitHub: Create tickets with OWASP category labels
  6. Re-scan After Fix: Verify vulnerability is resolved

Reporting Template

## Security Finding: [Nuclei Template ID]

**OWASP Category**: A03:2021 - Injection
**Severity**: Critical
**CWE**: CWE-89 (SQL Injection)
**CVE**: CVE-2024-XXXXX (if applicable)

### Description
[Description from Nuclei output]

### Affected URLs
- https://target-app.com/api/users?id=1

### Remediation
Use parameterized queries instead of string concatenation.

### References
- [OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html)

Additional Resources

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